吸虫塔诱捕的昆虫种类及对麦蚜的监测效果研究

在河南省原阳县河南省农科院试验基地安装了吸虫塔(suction trap),2009-2010连续2年在该地区进行了昆虫诱捕及麦蚜监测,并对诱捕到的麦蚜数量动态,以及吸虫塔和黄色粘板监测的比较进行了分析。结果显示:该吸虫塔对多种小型昆虫有很好的诱捕效果,在2009年和2010年分别诱捕到了8目39科58种和8目37科61种的小型昆虫,数量较多的主要集中在双翅目、半翅目、膜翅目等。该吸虫塔对麦蚜起到了很好的监测效果,2009年麦蚜始见期比2010年早,2009年麦蚜的优势种为禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(L.),2010年是荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi(Takahashi),2009年麦蚜大量发生和高峰期出现的较早,禾谷缢管蚜分别在5月1日,5月13日,5月19日到达高峰,5月19日以后数量急剧减少;2010年麦蚜大量发生和高峰期出现的相对较晚,荻草谷网蚜在5月3日、5月7日、5月19日和5月31日出现4个高峰,5月31日以后蚜量才骤减。对白天不同时段诱捕的蚜量分析可知,麦蚜在早晨和傍晚飞翔活动相对较强。吸虫塔与黄色粘板监测的相关性分析表明,吸虫塔诱集麦蚜的数量动态与黄板诱集的数量动态趋势基本一致,吸虫塔诱蚜量与黄板蚜量具有较好的相关性,但吸虫塔诱集麦蚜出现高峰期早于黄色粘板。     

VEGF and IL-18 in induced sputum of lung cancer patients

Cytokines are key players in the biological processes of malignant tumors and special interest has been focused on cytokines exerting tumor and anti-tumor properties, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18). Aim of this study was to assess IL-18 and VEGF levels in induced sputum of lung cancer patients at diagnosis, and assess their possible association with the histological type of cancer, the stage and the overall patient survival. Seventy six patients with a diagnosis of lung cancer were recruited and were followed up for 48months. Thirteen healthy smokers and 16 healthy non-smokers were used as control groups. VEGF and IL-18 were measured by ELISA in sputum supernatants at the time of diagnosis. Lung cancer patients had significantly higher baseline IL-18 and VEGF levels compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). No difference was found in IL-18 and VEGF levels between the various stages in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and between limited and extended small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, the ratio of VEGF/IL-18 was significantly higher in NSCLC compared to SCLC patients (p=0.018). In extended SCLC overall survival was inversely associated with baseline sputum VEGF levels (p=0.034) and estimated mortality risk was 1.14 (95% CI 1.006-1.283) for an increase of 100pg/ml in VEGF levels. Such association was not found regarding baseline IL-18 levels. VEGF levels in induced sputum may have a prognostic role in the survival of SCLC. The ratio VEGF/IL-18 in induced sputum differs between NSCLC and SCLC, indicating differences in angiogenesis mechanisms and/or immunological response in these two major histological types of lung cancer.     

Differing contributions of density dependence and climate to the population dynamics of three eruptive herbivores

1. Although both endogenous and exogenous processes regulate populations, the current understanding of the contributions from density dependence and climate to the population dynamics of eruptive herbivores remains limited. 2. Using a 17‐year time series of three cereal aphid species [Rhopalosiphum padi L., Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), and Diuraphis noxia (Kurdumov)] compiled from a trapping network spanning the northwestern U.S.A., temporal and spatial patterns associated with population fluctuations, and modelled density dependence in aphid abundances were tested. These models were used to analyse correlations between climate and aphid abundances in the presence and absence of residual variance as a result of density‐dependent effects. 3. The temporal dynamics of aphid population fluctuations indicated periodicity, with no clear evidence for a spatial pattern underlying population fluctuations. 4. Aphid abundances oscillated in a manner consistent with delayed density dependence for all three aphid species, although the strength of these feedbacks differed among species. 5. Diuraphis noxia abundances were negatively correlated with increasing temperatures in the absence of density‐dependent effects, whereas M. dirhodum abundances were positively correlated with increasing cumulative precipitation in the presence of density‐dependent effects; yet, R. padi abundances were unrelated to climate variables irrespective of population feedbacks. 6. Our analysis suggests that endogenous feedbacks differentially regulate aphid populations in the northwestern U.S.A., and these feedbacks may operate at an expansive spatial scale. It is concluded that the contributions of density dependence and climate to aphid population dynamics are species‐specific in spite of similar ecological niches, with implications for assessing species responses to climate variability.     

Longer development provides first-feeding fish time to escape hydrodynamic constraints

What is the functional effect of prolonged development? By controlling for size, we quantify first-feeding performance and hydrodynamics of zebrafish and guppy offspring (5 ± 0.5 mm in length), which differ fivefold in developmental time and twofold in ontogenetic state. By manipulating water viscosity, we control the hydrodynamic regime, measured as Reynolds number. We predicted that if feeding performance were strictly the result of hydrodynamics, and not development, feeding performance would scale with Reynolds number. We find that guppy offspring successfully feed at much greater distances to prey (1.0 vs. 0.2 mm) and with higher capture success (90 vs. 20%) compared with zebrafish larvae, and that feeding performance was not a result of Reynolds number alone. Flow visualization shows that zebrafish larvae produce a bow wave ~0.2 mm in length, and that the flow field produced during suction does not extend beyond this bow wave. Due to well-developed oral jaw protrusion, the similar-sized suction field generated by guppy offspring extends beyond the horizon of their bow wave, leading to successful prey capture from greater distances. These findings suggest that prolonged development and increased ontogenetic state provides first-feeding fish time to escape the pervasive hydrodynamic constraints (bow wave) of being small.     

Adhesion and Suction Functions of the Tip Region of a Nectar-drinking Butterfly Proboscis

In this study,we investigated the dynamic functions of the tip region of the butterfly proboscis through which liquid is sucked during liquid feeding.The microstructures and flow patterns in the tip region of the proboscis were in vivo analyzed.The tip region can be divided into two functional sections:namely adhesion and suction sections.The liquid adheres to the adhesion section during liquid suction.Although the tip region has numerous slits connected to food canal of the proboscis,liquid is mainly sucked through the suction section,which section is submerged in the fluid pulled by the adhesion section and then successfully imbibes liquid.To check the dynamic functions of the tip region,we fabricated a suction tip model having adhesion and suction parts.The in vitro model experiments show that the hydrophilicity of the adhesion part and the existence of the suction inlet improve the liquid uptake driven by a suction pump.This study may provide insights for the biomimetic design of nectar-feeding butterflies.     

土壤水势对水曲柳幼苗水分生态的影响

采用根区渗灌控水技术,将土壤水势长期控制在0～-20kPa(W₁)、-20～-40kPa(W₂)、-40～-60kPa(W₃)、-60～-80kPa(W₄)、-80～-160kPa(W₅)范围内,系统地研究了不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳幼苗的蒸腾过程、吸水过程、根叶水势日动态过程及SPAC体系的水流阻力.结果表明,在亚饱和土壤水分状态下(W₁),细根水势最高,水分由土壤进入细根的阻力最小,根系吸水速率最高,从而支持了日间强烈的蒸腾作用.在田间持水量土壤水分状态下(W₂),细根吸水阻力成倍增加,吸水速率和蒸腾速率显著下降,但尚未改变蒸腾作用日动态过程的单峰模式.当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(W₃～W₅)时,随着土壤水势递降,细根吸水阻力急剧增加至几倍乃至几十倍,根系吸水速率过低,吸水与蒸腾矛盾加剧,叶水势降至很低,气孔关闭,蒸腾作用受到严重抑制,呈现明显的午休低谷.在实验范围内(0～-160kPa),土壤水分对水曲柳幼苗是非等效的,当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(<-40kPa)时,水曲柳全光苗发生显著的水分胁迫.     

土壤水势对水曲柳幼苗水分生态的影响

采用根区渗灌控水技术,将土壤水势长期控制在0～-20kPa(W1)、-20～-40kPa(W2)、-40～-60kPa(W3)、-60～-80kPa(W4)、-80～-160kPa(W5)范围内,系统地研究了不同土壤水势条件下水曲柳幼苗的蒸腾过程、吸水过程、根叶水势13动态过程及SPAC体系的水流阻力,结果表明,在亚饱和土壤水分状态下(W1),细根水势最高,水分由土壤进入细根的阻力最小,根系吸水速率最高,从而支持了13间强烈的蒸腾作用．在田间持水量土壤水分状态下(W2),细根吸水阻力成倍增加,吸水速率和蒸腾速率显著下降,但尚未改变蒸腾作用13动态过程的单峰模式．当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(W3-W5)时,随着土壤水势递降,细根吸水阻力急剧增加至几倍乃至几十倍,根系吸水速率过低,吸水与蒸腾矛盾加剧,叶水势降至很低,气孔关闭,蒸腾作用受到严重抑制,呈现明显的午休低谷．在实验范围内(0～-160kPa),土壤水分对水曲柳幼苗是非等效的,当土壤水分在田间持水量状态以下(<-40kPa)时,水曲柳全光苗发生显著的水分胁迫。     

细胞周期调控因子在肺癌活检组织中的表达

目的：探讨P^21waf1和CyclinE在肺鳞癌组织中表达,方法：应用细胞周期调控因子P^21waf1、CyclinE单克隆抗体,对54例肺鳞状细胞的纤支镜活检标本和10例正常肺组织进行免疫组化染色研究。结果：在肺鳞癌组织中P^21waf1呈低水平表达,其阳性表达率（11／54）仅为20．4％,在肺鳞癌组织中CyclinE阳性表达率（17／54）为31．5％,低分化及有淋巴结转移的病例,其CyclinE表达量明显高于高中分化及无淋巴结转移的病例。结论：P^21waf1在肺鳞癌组织中呈低表达,CyclinE表达可以作为判断肺鳞癌恶性程度的一个指标。     

微创下置管抽吸液化引流术联合依达拉奉对脑出血患者的疗效分析

目的:探讨微创下置管抽吸液化引流术联合依达拉奉对脑出血患者的疗效及血清超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平的影响。方法:研究对象选自我院2015年2月~2016年12月收治的146例脑出血患者,采取随机数字表将其分成两组,每组73例。两组患者均采取微创下置管抽吸液化引流术治疗,观察组联合给予依达拉奉治疗,对比两组疗效及治疗前后血清hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平变化情况。结果:观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与治疗前相比,治疗后14d两组患者的NIHSS评分、血清hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平均明显下降,BI指数评分明显上升(P0.01);且观察组NIHSS评分、血清hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α水平均较对照组明显下降(P0.01)。结论:在微创下置管抽吸液化引流术治疗基础上联合给予依达拉奉治疗脑出血能有效促进炎症反应的缓解,改善神经功能缺损状况,疗效确切。     

Functional morphology of extreme jaw protrusion in Neotropical cichlids

The New World cichlids Petenia splendida and Caquetaia spp. possess extraordinarily protrusible jaws. We investigated the feeding behavior of extreme (here defined as greater than 30% head length) and modest jaw-protruding Neotropical cichlids by comparing feeding kinematics, cranial morphology, and feeding performance. Digital high-speed video (500 fps) of P. splendida, C. spectabile, and Astronotus ocellatus feeding on live guppy prey was analyzed to generate kinematic and performance variables. All three cichlid taxa utilized cranial elevation, lower jaw depression, and rotation of the suspensorium to protrude the jaws during feeding experiments. Extreme anterior jaw protrusion in P. splendida and C. spectabile resulted from augmented lower jaw depression and anterior rotation of the suspensorium. Morphological comparisons among eight cichlid species revealed novel anterior and posterior points of flexion within the suspensorium of P. splendida and Caquetaia spp. The combination of anterior and posterior loosening within the suspensorium in P. splendida and Caquetaia spp. permitted considerable anterior rotation of the suspensorium and contributed to protrusion of the jaws. Petenia splendida and C. spectabile exhibited greater ram distance and higher ram velocities than did A. ocellatus, resulting primarily from increased jaw protrusion. Petenia splendida and C. spectabile exhibited lower suction feeding performance than A. ocellatus, as indicated by lower suction-induced prey movements and velocities. Thus, extreme jaw protrusion in these cichlids may represent an adaptation for capturing elusive prey by enhancing the ram velocity of the predator but does not enhance suction feeding performance.