Integrated control of apple pests in New Zealand

A technique is described whereby 5th‐instar larvae of the codling moth (Laspeyresia pomonella) which have finished feeding can be tagged externally with cobalt‐58 and released on apple trees, where they seek cocooning sites. Two μCi ⁵⁸Co per insect did not significantly affect larval survival in the field, or subsequent pupation, emergence, mating, and oviposition in the laboratory. Tagging was more efficient than whole‐tree scraping for the location of cocoons, and was non‐destructive of both the insects and their cocooning sites.

Relocation and observation of the tagged larvae in their cocoons permitted accurate estimation of mortality from when they left the fruit (= release) until adult emergence in the following spring. Natural mortality of larvae seeking cocooning sites was attributed mainly to insect predators, and varied significantly between trees and blocks, averaging 57% over 6 years. Avian predation by the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) was the greatest hazard to cocooned larvae; this, too, varied significantly between blocks, and averaged 53% over the same period. Both mortalities appeared to be density‐related.     

抗抑郁新药的研究与开发

随着社会经济高速发展,人们面临的社会竞争和心理压力加大,导致抑郁症逐渐成为现代社会的常见及高发疾病,所以临床上对 抗抑郁新药的需求日益增长。概述近年来欧美上市的抗抑郁新药和目前临床III期在研的部分抗抑郁小分子药物的合成工艺及临床研究进 展。     

2020年邳州市草地贪夜蛾初迁虫源的迁入路径及气象背景

2020年江苏省邳州市于3月31日发现草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda成虫,远早于该地区2019年草地贪夜蛾的始见期6月份。为明确该地区草地贪夜蛾种群性质,利用昆虫轨迹分析方法,模拟分析了2020年江苏省邳州市早期发现的草地贪夜蛾的迁飞路径及天气背景场。结果表明：邳州市2019年12月-2020年2月温度低,草地贪夜蛾无法在此地越冬存活,2020年3月31日所诱捕的草地贪夜蛾为外地迁入,其虫源来自广西和广东西部的周年繁殖区;虽然邳州市3月份常年盛行北风和西北风,西南风发生概率低导致草地贪夜蛾迁入邳州市概率较小,但2020年3月底850 hPa的强西南气流为草地贪夜蛾从我国华南地区迁入邳州市提供了条件。本研究结果阐明了在极端条件下草地贪夜蛾从华南地区迁入江苏省的可能性,丰富了江苏省草地贪夜蛾春季早期迁入的理论依据。     

东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁飞区中杓鹬 的迁徙追踪

追踪候鸟的迁徙活动是全面认识其生活史年周期的重要途径。中杓鹬(Numeniusphaeopus)在全球广泛分布,但在东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁飞区的迁徙活动一直缺乏追踪研究。2018年2月,在澳大利亚西北部的布鲁姆为捕捉到的中杓鹬成鸟佩戴平台发射终端或全球定位系统-全球移动通讯系统追踪器,以确定其迁徙日程、迁徙路线以及迁徙停歇地和繁殖地的地理位置。我们从成功追踪的7只个体获取了6 378条精度高于1 km的位点数据。分析结果表明,在春季,中杓鹬的迁徙时长为(36±4)d,其间在1～3个迁徙停歇地的停留日期为(23±2)d,从越冬地到繁殖地的迁徙距离为(9 795±346)km(n=7)。追踪的中杓鹬在俄罗斯东部和中部区域繁殖,不同个体的繁殖地纬度相近而经度范围较广。在秋季,中杓鹬的迁徙时长为(90±27)d,相比春季迁徙时长更长;其间,在2～4个迁徙停歇地停留(79±29)d,从繁殖地到越冬地的迁徙距离为(10 101±520)km(n=5)。无论在春季还是秋季迁徙,迁徙停歇地广泛分布于东亚、东南亚沿海及内陆区域。大部分个体春季和秋季的迁徙路线相近,成功追踪的个体均在秋季返回了上一年的越冬地,这表明中杓鹬对越冬地具有很高的忠诚度。     

Network analysis of potential migration routes for Oriental White Storks (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ciconia boyciana</Emphasis>)

From 1998 through to 2000, we satellite-tracked the movements of 13 Oriental White Storks (Ciconia boyciana) on their autumnal migration in order to identify their important stopover sites for preserving links from the Russian Far East breeding sites to the wintering sites in south-eastern China. New analytical methods of satellite tracking data were employed to derive robust information on the locations of stay sites, the number of stopovers made during migration, and the distance traveled without making stopovers. Based on the derived information, we modeled a stay site network as an abstraction of the storks potential migration routes from their breeding sites to wintering sites. Using network analysis techniques, we explored how the loss of stopover sites could affect the connectivity of potential migration routes. The results suggested that if the seashore stopover sites facing Bohai Bay in eastern China were lost, the storks wintering sites along the Yangtze River in south-eastern China would be isolated. Among the seashore stopover sites, Jiantuozhi Gley Mire (39.185°N, 118.627°E), located on the northern seashore of Bohai Bay, was considered particularly important for migrating storks, because it was used every year by the storks we tracked. If conservation needs of this critically located site fail to be addressed, the stay site network of storks can create weak links in the chain of migration and, if broken, storks will have great difficulties in completing their autumnal migration.     

西双版纳勐海县勐阿水库对亚洲象迁移活动和人—象冲突的潜在影响

2020年1—12月,采用半结构式访查法、痕迹跟踪调查法和无人机跟踪调查法相结合的方法,对拟建西双版纳勐海县勐阿水库涉及区域的亚洲象种群结构、迁移路线等进行了调查,并采用样方法和3S技术对该区域亚洲象取食植物和栖息地适宜性进行了调查和分析,以探讨拟建勐阿水库可能对亚洲象迁移活动和人—象冲突的潜在影响。结果表明：(1)拟建勐阿水库区域活动的亚洲象小种群被称为澜沧江西部种群或西双版纳勐海—普洱澜沧种群,仅由19头亚洲象(10头雄性,9头雌性)组成,有2条亚洲象迁移路线穿越该区域;(2)在研究区域共统计到亚洲象取食植物12目19科32属33种,基本能满足该象群的取食需求;(3)海拔、坡度、植被隐蔽度及食物资源等生态因子的适宜性分析结果显示,大部分区域(包括占总面积14.61%的最适生境和占总面积82.05%的相对适宜生境)都能满足该亚洲象小种群的基本生活需求;(4)2条亚洲象迁移路线中的1条将因水库建设而阻断,迫使该象群改变原来的迁移路线;(5)水库淹没区的植被将被永久破坏,原本连片的适宜栖息地也将受到进一步切割和压缩影响;(6)当食物资源无法满足亚洲象生存需求时,它们可能会选择进入可在较短时间内获得大量食物的农耕区取食农作物和经济作物,随着人流、车流大量增加,亚洲象与人相遇的概率也会大幅度增加。分析认为,拟建勐阿水库将淹没1条迁移通道,对亚洲象迁移活动造成阻碍,迫使象群改变路线,还可能导致更为严重的人—象冲突。建议在水库工程设计和建设过程中采取有效的保护管理措施,减少工程项目对亚洲象种群及其栖息地的负面影响;水库建设和管理部门、林业和草原管理部门等应加强对亚洲象活动的监测和预警,避免亚洲象肇事造成人员伤亡和更大的经济损失。     

蜜蜂上颚腺及其分泌物研究进展

上颚腺是蜜蜂重要的外分泌腺体,其分泌物是维系蜂群社会性结构的重要物质。蜂王和工蜂上颚腺分泌物合成均以硬脂酸为合成前体,但在脂肪酸的β-氧化过程中表现出级型差异性,导致分泌物组分比例不同。蜂王上颚腺分泌物以9-羰基-2癸烯酸(9-ODA)为主,有吸引工蜂和雄蜂、抑制工蜂卵巢发育等作用;工蜂上颚腺分泌物以10-羟基-2癸烯酸(10-HDA)和10-羟基癸酸(10-HDAA)为主,是蜂王浆的重要组成部分。同时,这种具备典型级型差异的分泌物组成又具有级型间可塑性,在不同蜂种间也存在区别。近年来在转录水平和蛋白水平的一些研究进一步揭示了级型间差异的分子基础。针对蜜蜂上颚腺及其分泌物的研究在蜜蜂生物学、行为学和蜂产品质量控制等方面具有重要的意义。本文通过总结国内外相关研究进展,旨在为上颚腺分泌物的作用机制、生物合成机制等领域的进一步深入研究提供借鉴。     

Determination of ornithine, putrescine, N-methylputrescine and N-methylpyrroline pools in tobacco tissue by high-performance liquid chromatography

A procedure for the determination of metabolites of the biochemical pathway ornithine to N-methyl-δ¹-pyrrolinium salt (N-methylpyrroline) is described. Plant tissue was extracted with 0.5 M HCl and the extract purified on C₁₈-cartridges. Ornithine was reacted with o -phthaldialdehyde, putrescine and N-methylputrescine with dansyl chloride and the products were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). N-methylpyrroline was determined by cation-exchange HPLC without derivatization. The metabolites in the roots of tobacco ( Nicotiana ) species with different nicotine-producing capacities were determined. Furthermore, the specific activities of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), putrescine N-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.53) and N-methylputrescine oxidase were determined. Both the metabolite pools and the enzyme activities were correlated with the different nicotine-producing capacities of the different tobacco species.     

Distinct bacterial dissemination and disease outcome in mice subcutaneously infected with Borrelia burgdorferi in the midline of the back and the footpad

Subcutaneous inoculation of mice with Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, results in established infection and the development of acute arthritis and carditis, hallmarks of human disease. Because conflicting results may originate from the site of subcutaneous inoculation, we addressed the dissemination capacity of spirochetes injected in the shoulder region versus the footpad. Spirochetes inoculated in the footpad disseminated to a lesser extent to distant organs, such as the ear and the heart. This resulted in distinct degrees of joint and cardiac inflammation at the peak of the disease. The differences eventually leveled out. These results suggest that caution must be exercised in the interpretation of results obtained with routes of inoculation that do not closely represent the natural site of infection.