中国跳小蜂科(膜翅目,小蜂总科)一新属一新种

记述了中国跳小蜂科1新属1新种,竹粉蚧隆盾跳小蜂Clivia antoninae gen.et sp.nov.,提供了该属分类特征的扫描电镜图片.隆盾跳小蜂属Clivia gen.nov.与其近缘属花翅跳小蜂属Microterys Thomson和毛盾跳小蜂属Trichomasthus Thomson主要区别在:触角窝深,侧背方有明显的脊;上颚具两盾齿;小盾片强烈隆起.研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆.     

中国跳小蜂二新纪录属及三新种(膜翅目,跳小蜂科)

报道采自福建福州、吉林长春的3种跳小蜂,即桔小食甲跳小蜂Cerchysiella citricola Xu,sp.nov.,寄主为日本方头甲Cybocephalis nipponicus Endr.-Younga,初级寄主为柑橘类;扁角尼克跳小蜂Neocladella platicornis Xu,sp.nov.寄主不明和短翅思奇跳小蜂,其触角扁平膨大;短翅思奇跳小蜂Schilleriella brevipterus Xu,sp.nov.寄主为粉蚧,其前翅退化缩短.对新种进行了详细描述.本文也是尼克跳小蜂属Neocladella Girault和思奇跳小蜂属Schilleriella Ghesquiere在我国分布的首次记录.标本保存在浙江大学农业与生物技术学院应用昆虫研究所.     

Parasitoids of Paratachardina lobata (Hem., Kerriidae): surveys for biological control of the invasive lobate lac scale

Paratachardina lobata is an invasive pest in southern Florida, threatening a great number of economically important and native plants. The lobate lac scale does not cause problems in its area of origin, India and Sri Lanka, presumably due to various parasitoid wasps. In an attempt to discover promising parasitoids for biological control against the invasive pest in Florida, P. lobata infesting Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae) was collected bimonthly from August 2005 to June 2006 at 14 sites in southern India. Four parasitoids were demonstrably associated with P. lobata: a eulophid Aprostocetus bangaloricus Narendran, an encyrtid Ooencyrtus kerriae Hayat and two aphelinids, Marietta leopardina Motschulsky and an undescribed Coccophagus Westwood sp. These chalcidoid wasps were found regularly at all heavily infested sites with an average emergence number per collection period of 62.8, 31.7, 11.9 and 90.5 respectively. The mean number emerged 20–28 days after the collection date, excluding the Coccophagus sp., which occurred significantly later, on average 41 days after collection. Species emergence was examined and parasitized scales dissected. Parasitoid remains were interpreted to understand the mode of parasitism. The Coccophagus sp. was found to be a secondary parasitoid. Marietta leopardina occurred as a primary parasitoid, but only in low number and this species is also known to be hyperparasitic on chalcidoid wasps. Aprostocetus bangaloricus and O. kerriae are promising candidates for the lobate lac scale control in Florida. They are primary parasitoids of P. lobata and occurred at almost every collection site, especially where P. lobata was very abundant.     

基于28S rDNA D2基因序列的几种寄生夜蛾科的多胚跳小蜂的分子系统发育（英文）

本文基于28S rDNA D2部分序列, 用MP和ML方法对几种寄生夜蛾科的多胚跳小蜂Copidosoma spp.进行了系统发育研究,并对其形态和生物学关系进行了讨论。结果表明：寄生金翅夜蛾亚科(Plusiinae)的C. floridanum 和寄生实夜蛾亚科(Heliothinae)的C. primulum关系较近,而以夜蛾亚科(Noctuinae)为寄主的C. truncatellum 和 C. agrotis关系更近。结果提示核基因28S D2区可能对研究多胚跳小蜂种间的系统发育关系很有帮助。     

Parasitoids from Azores (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae,Pteromalidae, Braconidae): potential use in integrated pest management against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Two hymenopterous parasitoids, Halticoptera patellana and Toxeumorpha nigricola, were recovered from Mediterranean fruit fly pupae on São Miguel Island, Azores. Both are new records for the Azores, and as Medfly parasitoids. Field-collected Tachinaephagus zealandicus was maintained on Medfly for 10 generations, but if it has potential as a biocontrol agent remains an open question.     

四突跳小蜂亚科中国新纪录属、种(膜翅目,跳小蜂科)

记述了四突跳小蜂亚科中国1新纪录属,阿纳跳小蜂属Anagyrietta Ferrière,及中国2新纪录种,豹纹阿纳跳小蜂Anagyrietta pantherina Ferrière和宽柄杜丝跳小蜂Dusmetia euripersiae Trjapitzin,并给出了其形态特征图。研究标本研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

Host specificity and comparative foraging behaviour of Aenasius vexans and Acerophagus coccois, two endo-parasitoids of the cassava mealybug

Two encyrtid parasitoids, Aenasius vexans Kerrich (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Acerophagus coccois Smith (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), were compared for their degree of dietary specialisation and the impact this has on their foraging strategies. Both parasitoid species are significant for biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus herreni, Cox & Williams (Homoptera: Sternorrhyncha) a major Latin American pest of cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz, an important root crop. Host acceptance and parasitism were analysed in seven mealybug species (with different levels of polyphagy) occurring in and around cassava fields. Results demonstrate that, in this ecosystem, An. vexans is a specialist for P. herreni while Ac. coccois is a generalist on the first and second trophic level. Of the seven mealybug species, P. herreni and P. madeirensis Green were the most acceptable hosts for Ac. coccois, followed by Ferrisia virgata Cockerell. Ac. coccois did not accept the other four mealybug species.The foraging and oviposition behaviour of individual parasitoids was observed in bioassays with cassava leaves infested by P. herreni. The two species used different strategies to locate their host. Aenasius vexans spent significantly more time walking and standing on an infested leaf and examined a host longer than did Ac. coccois. Acerophagus coccois, in contrast, spent more time for oviposition. As a consequence An. vexans parasitised more hosts in a given time than did Ac. coccois. Because the rate of offspring production of the two species did not differ, we conclude that the gregarious Ac. coccois's strategy to deposit several eggs at once might compensate for its relatively low number of ovipostitions, compared with the solitary An. vexans. These findings suggest that, given the advantages and limitations of each species, a multi-species approach to biological control of P. herreni may yield best results.     

Comparison of life table parameters for Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Anagyrus kamali, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Scymnus coccivora

The pink mealybug Maconellicoccushirsutus Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) wasrecently introduced to Trinidad. M.hirsutus almost immediately attained peststatus and despite the implementation ofcultural and chemical control measures, thepopulation increased above the economic injurylevel. Three natural enemies, Anagyruskamali Moursi (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera:Coccinellidae) and Scymnus coccivoraAyyar (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were introduced.Life fecundity tables were constructed for thepest-natural enemies complex in the hope ofunderstanding the interaction of each naturalenemy with its host, and, in so doing, form acomparative approach to assessing theeffectiveness of each natural enemy. Thestudies were carried out in the laboratory at27.0 ± 3.0 °C and 58.0 ± 3.0%RH, which is within the average field conditions in Trinidad.The net reproductive rates (R_o), theinnate capacity for increase (r_m) and thefinite rate of increase () were found to behigher for the natural enemies compared to thepest. The doubling time for M. hirsutuswas 8.83 days, while A. kamali, C.montrouzieri and S. coccivora populationsdoubled in 2.09, 5.13 and 4.45 daysrespectively. The significantly higherpopulation parameters of the natural enemies,coupled with their shorter doubling times, meanthat their populations can grow faster and thusexert a controlling effect on pest numbers.     

Experimental evaluation of the efficiency of Epidinocarsis lopezi, a parasitoid introduced into Africa against the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti

The capability of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to control the cassava mealybug (CM) Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) was investigated in Nigeria using physical and chemical exclusion experiments. In two sleeve cage experiments CM populations, about 2 months after artificial infestation, were 7.0 and 2.3 x lower on artificially infested cassava tips covered with open cages than on tips in closed cages which excluded most parasitoids. On similarly infested but uncovered tips, CM populations were 24.3 and 37.5 x lower, and parasitisation rates were higher. In an artificially infested field which was treated weekly with carbaryl, parasitisation rates were below 10% and CM populations exceeded 200 per tip. In the chemically untreated plot, parasitisation rates were up to 25% and CM densities were mostly below 10 per tip. This study demonstrates the efficiency of E. lopezi in controlling its host under the experimental conditions.

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Résumé La capacité d'E. lopezi de contrôler la cochenille farineuse du manioc a été évaluée au Nigéria en excluant le parasitoïde de son hôte par des moyens physiques et chimiques. Dans deux expériences utilisants des manchons les populations de la cochenille deux mois après l'infestation artificielle étaient 7.0 et 2.3 fois plus basses sur les branches couvertes d'un manchon ouvert que sur les branches couvertes par un manchon fermé, qui excluait la plupart des parasitoïdes. Sur les apex sans manchons, également infestés artificiellement, les populations de la cochenille étaient 24.3 et 37.5 fois plus bas tandis que le degré de parasitisme était plus élevé. Dans un champ infesté artificiellement et partiellement traité chaque semaine avec du carbaryl, le pourcentage de parasitisme restait au-dessous de 10%, et les populations de la cochenille dépassaient 200 par apex. Dans la partie non-traitée, le parasitisme atteignait 25% et la densité de la cochenille restait pour la plupart du temps au-dessous de 10 cochenilles par apex. Ces expériences démontrent la capacité d'E. lopezi de maintenir son hôte à un bas niveau dans des conditions expérimentales.

     

Host feeding and ovipositor insertion as sources of mortality in the mealybug Phenacoccus herreni caused by two encyrtids, Epidinocarsis diversicornis and Acerophagus coccois

Females of Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard) killed cassava mealybugs, Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, through host feeding and piercing (i.e. ovipositor insertion and its consequences). Parasitoids fed on 9% of 592 hosts in which ovipositor insertion was achieved. For hosts which were attacked but not fed on, mortality in the first 72 h was significantly greater than that of controls and was highest in the first nymphal instar. No host feeding by Acerophagus coccois Smith was observed in 494 attacks. Mortality due to piercing was significantly greater than control values, but did not differ between host life stages.

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Résumé La prise de nourriture et les piqûres (c'est-à-dire l'insertion de la tarière et ses conséquences) de Epidinocarsis diversicornis tuent Phenacoccus herreni. Les adultes s'alimentent sur 9% des 592 cochenilles dans lesquelles la tarière a pénétré. La mortalité au cours des 72 premières heures est beaucoup plus élevée chez les hôtes attaqués mais qui n'avaient pas subi une prise de nourriture, que chez les témoins; elle était particulièrement élevée chez les cochenilles du premier stade larvaire. Pour 494 attaques par Acerophagus coccois, aucune prise de nourriture n'a été observée; la mortalité était plus élevée que chez les temoins, sans qu'il y ait eu de différences suivant les stades.