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11.
Shuji KANEKO 《Entomological Science》2004,7(4):331-339
Within‐shoot vertical distributions of the scale insect Nipponaclerda biwakoensis, five species of gregarious parasitoid wasps attacking the scale, and successful multiparasitism (emergence of multiple parasitoid species from a single host) by the parasitoids on the common reed were investigated. Each reed shoot collected was longer than 2.0 m, and was divided into pieces of 0.5 m each from the base of the shoot. The mean number of adult female scales per 0.5 m of shoot increased with height, but the mean rate of overall parasitism of the female scales decreased with height. The five parasitoids showed species‐specific within‐shoot distribution patterns, with respect to the rate of parasitism: Astymachus japonicus, Boucekiella depressa and Encyrtidae sp. 2 showed the greatest rates of parasitism at heights of 0–0.5, 0.5–1.0 and 1.0–1.5 m, respectively. The parasitism rate by Aprostocetus sp. was higher at the lower half of the shoots, whereas that by Encyrtidae sp. 1 was higher at the central positions. The distribution of the five parasitoids largely overlapped with each other at the level of scale aggregations. Nevertheless, successful multiparasitism occurred frequently only in several types of species combinations that involved two parasitoid species showing similar within‐shoot distribution patterns. The rate of successful multiparasitism by B. depressa with A. japonicus or Aprostocetus sp., and that by Encyrtidae sp. 2 with Encyrtidae sp. 1 was constantly high at different vertical positions on the shoots. This may be because B. depressa and Encyrtidae sp. 2 preferentially oviposit into scales previously parasitized by these other species. 相似文献
12.
记述了阔柄跳小蜂属1新种:廖氏阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus liaoi sp.nov.,并给出了其形态特征图。廖氏阔柄跳小蜂与Mstagnarum很相似,但廖氏阔柄跳小蜂雌虫柄节最宽处在基半部,生殖器明显长于中足胫节,雄虫第1索节短于梗节,柄节长约为宽的3倍;而M.stagnarum雌虫柄节最宽处在端半部,生殖器短于中足胫节,雄虫第1索节明显长于梗节,柄节长约为宽的4倍。研究标本,包括正模,均保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。
正模:♀,北京市海淀区,2007-V-20~23,育自Eriococcus abeliceae,武三安采;副模:12♀♀,8♂♂,同正模。
词源:种名是为纪念已故廖定熹教授,他对中国跳小蜂分类研究做出了重大贡献。 相似文献
13.
报道由伊朗设拉子大学农学院采集饲出的与林木害虫有关的7属8种寄生蜂,它们均属膜翅目小蜂总科、跳小蜂科,扬与林木介壳虫有关的Anagyrus pseudococci,Cheilonerrus ceroplasits,Dusmetia fascipennis,Homalotylus ephippium,与草蛉有关的Isodromus atriventris,Isodrmus collimaculatu 相似文献
14.
Egg production in response to combined alternative foods by the predator Coccinella transversalis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Edward W. Evans 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2000,94(2):141-147
The peformance of the parasitoid Anagyrus kamali Moursi [Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae], as a function of host density, temperature, and photoperiod was investigated with the objective to optimize a mass-rearing system in the context of a biological control program. The number of hosts parasitized at densities varying from 2–100 hibiscus mealybug (HMB), Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green [Homoptera: Pseudococcidae], corresponded to a type II-III functional response in fixed-time conditions and a type III in variable-time conditions. Twenty-six percent of the oviposited eggs led to progeny emergence with a sex ratio of 0.49±0.102 (M/F), regardless of host density. Fecundity and oviposition period under six abiotic combinations (i.e., two temperatures (26±2 °C and 32±2 °C) and three photoperiods (L0:D24, L12:D12, L24:D0)) were measured. Lifetime fecundity and reproductive life were significantly affected by temperature and photoperiod conditions. Optimum female parasitoid lifetime fecundity was attained at 26±2 °C, L0:D24 with an average of 116.1±17.43 eggs. At 32±2 °C, L24:D0 and L12:D12, an average of 79.4±34.57 and 85.8±35.81 eggs were laid, respectively. Reproductive longevity was maximal at 26±2 °C, L0:D24 with 12±4.85 days of oviposition. Because the parasite A. kamali can be reared optimally without light, this may save tremendous energy costs. 相似文献
15.
16.
In unifested fields, 80 cassava tips were artificially infested with 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 third instars, and 20 or
100 eggs of cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hom., Pseudococcidae). Another 80 uninfested tips served as a control. Tips were arranged in a circle of
28 m diameter, in the centre of which the following exotic natural enemies ofP. manihoti were released:Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis andA. diversicornis (Howard) (Hym., Encyrtidae),Hyperaspis notata (Mulsant) andDiomus hennesseyi Fürsch (Col., Coccinellidae), and others. This experiment was repeated six times. During the 4–14 days following release,
all experimental tips were inspected at two-hour intervals during each day and the presence of exotic as well as indigenous
natural enemies, likeExochomus troberti Mulsant (Col., Coccinellidae), ants and spiders was noted. The experiment was repeated six times measured the aggregative
response by the natural enemies to different host densities, achieved through host attractance and arrestment.
All exotic natural enemies, except the males ofApoanagyrus spp., were fast attracted to the host colonies. As compared to the control tips, they concentrated on the infested tips about
50-fold for the twoApoanagyrus spp. and 10 to 20-fold for the exotic coccinellids. By contrast, non-coevolved indigenous coccinellids, as well as generalist
predators like ants and spiders were attracted to the infested tips only 2 to 5-fold.A. lopezi responded best to different host densities, followed byA. diversicornis and the coccinellids, followed by ants and spiders. None of the parasitoids or predators was particularly attracted to egg
masses. These results correspond closely to the known efficiencies of these natural enemies,A. lopezi standing out among all candidates. The results of such aggregation studies are compared with those of life-table studies. 相似文献
17.
The impact of native natural enemies on populations of the grape mealybug,Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) in apple and pear orchards was assessed using a combination of techniques, including exclusion cages, limb-banding, and visual inspection of shoots and fruits. The complex of native natural enemies (which included two encyrtid parasitoids, (Pseudaphycus websteri Timberlake andMayridia species), a coccinellid beetle (Hyperaspis lateralis Mulsant), and a chamaemyiid fly (Leucopis verticalis Malloch), provided reasonably good control in orchards that had not been treated with insecticides for one to two years. However, surveys indicated that most of these species were absent from orchards regularly sprayed with pesticides. 相似文献
18.
Abstract This paper deals with six new species of the genus Microterys, collected from Zhejiang, Fujian, Yunnan and Guangdong Provinces. They are M. metaceronemae Xu, sp. n. M. nuticaudatus Xu, sp. n. M. postmarginis Xu, sp. n. M. pseudonietneri Xu, sp. n. M. unicoloris Xu, sp. n. and M. zhaoi Xu, sp. n. The host of these parasitoids are Metaceronema japonica on Camellia oleosa Cerococcus muratae on Magnolia officinalis, Coccus hesperidum on citrus, Ceroplastes japonicus on citrus, Chloropulvinaria aurantii, Laccifer lacca Ceroplastes japonicus and Kerria lacca (Homoptera: Coccidoidea) 相似文献
19.
20.
In order to understand better non-target effect and potential uses, the host specificity of two parasitoid species (Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope Noyes & Menezes and Leptomastix dactylopii Howard) (both Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) for six mealybug species [Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Phenacoccus solani Ferris, Planococcus citri (Risso),Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret)] (all Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was studied through behavioral observations and laboratory rearing. The selected
mealybug species represent major subfamilies and tribes of Pseudococcidae. Except for F. virgata, all mealybug species induced examinations by Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope and L. dactylopii. Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope was specific to P. madeirensis, which was the only mealybug species selected for oviposition and suitable for complete development of the parasitoid. No
encapsulation of Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope in P. madeirensis was observed. Leptomastix dactylopii accepted multiple species for oviposition, with the ranking of species preference as P. citri > P. viburni > P. longispinus > P. solani > P. madeirensis. Only P. citri, P. longispinus and P. viburni supported the development of L. dactylopii. Parasitoids developing in P. longispinus and P. viburni suffered from high encapsulation rates, while no encapsulation was observed when developing in P. citri. The results of this study suggest that Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope is highly host specific. Leptomastix dactylopii, on the other hand, has a wider host range. The use of Anagyrus sp. nov. nr. sinope in a mealybug biological control program is limited to P. madeirensis and L. dactylopii to P. citri. The results presented in this study also lead us to question the accuracy of the reported host range of L. dactylopii, which include all six mealybug species tested. 相似文献