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21.
22.
Dario Beruto Margherita Beruto Carlo Ciccarelli Pierre Debergh 《Physiologia plantarum》1995,94(1):151-157
A new method for evaluating the matric potential of gelled media has been developed. The method allows the derivation of the matric potential as a limit of a series of measurements of water potential values from gelled media prepared without added components, from agar powders progressively cleaned of mineral impurities. Three commercial agar brands were tested, and for these the matric potential was found to contribute only between 1 and 2% of their total water potential. Thermodynamic features relating matric and osmotic potentials are described. New hypotheses for understanding the water flux mechanism from gel to tissue cultured explants are discussed. Movement of water along polymeric chains is postulated to be a facilitated step in comparison with bulk movement. 相似文献
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25.
A. Falconi M. Borde A. Hernández-Cruz F. R. Morales 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1995,176(5):679-689
Stimulation of the spinal cord of the electric fish Gymnotus carapo, evoked an abrupt increase in the discharge rate of the electric organ. At the maximum of this response, the rate increased an average of 26 ± 11.8%. The duration of the response was 4.9 ± 2.12 s; its latency was 10.4 ± 1.1 ms. Activation of the Mauthner axon played a decisive role in this phenomenon as indicated by the following: (1) recordings from the axon cap of the Mauthner cell demonstrated that the response was evoked if the Mauthner axon was antidromically activated and (2) a response that was similar to that produced by spinal cord stimulation, was elicited by intracellular stimulation of either Mauthner cell. Stimulation of the eighth nerve could also increase the discharge rate of the electric organ. The effect was greater if a Mauthner cell action potential was elicited. The findings described in the present report, indicate the existence of a functional connection between the Mauthner cell and the electromotor system in Gymnotus carapo. This connection may function to enhance the electrolocative sampling of the environment during Mauthner-cell mediated behaviors. This is a novel function for the Mauthner cell.Abbreviations
EHP
extrinsic hyperpolarizing potential
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EOD
electric organ discharge
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M-AIR
Mauthner initiated abrupt increase in rate
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M-cell
Mauthner cell
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M-axon
Mauthner axon
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PM
pacemaker nucleus
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PM-cell
pacemaker cell
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PPn
prepacemaker nucleus
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SPPn
sublemniscal prepacemaker nucleus 相似文献
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27.
In the fowl the primordial germ cells accumulate in the germinal crescent to the anterior of the two-day embryo. A simple ballistic device has been used to fire tungsten particles (mean diameter 1.5 m) into this region. By coating these projectiles with vector DNA it is possible to transfect these cells. Hatchlings produced by this technique were raised to sexual maturity and shown to contain the foreign DNA in their sperm. G1 offspring containing this DNA were also produced in roughly 20% of these cockerels. In the majority of cases the vector DNA disappeared from the G1 generation as they matured suggesting that in these cases it had been transmitted episomally. 相似文献
28.
Fons A.L.J. Peters Ron H.M. Van Der Pal Robert L.A. Peters Wim J. Vredenberg Ruud Kraayenhof 《BBA》1984,766(1):169-178
This work aimed at the resolution of the multi-component electric potential changes induced by single-turnover flash illumination of Photosystem-I-enriched subchloroplast vesicles. If supplemented with ferredoxin and under carefully adjusted redox poising, these vesicles show a pronounced slow-rising and -decaying electric potential component, as monitored by endogenous and exogenous field-sensitive probes, carotenoids and oxonol VI, respectively. The fast and slow potential components can be easily discriminated without the need for computer-assisted deconvolution after selective presaturation of the slow component by preillumination or a transmembrane ΔpH, after selective suppression of the slow component by low valinomycin or uncoupler concentrations or in the absence of ferredoxin. The slow electric potential component, as compared to the fast one, is relatively sensitive to low concentrations of ionophores and uncouplers, detergent, ageing and lower temperatures (4–12°C), is associated with electrogenic proton displacements and is interpreted to respond to a field that is more located on the membrane-bulk interface. Temperature effects show transition temperatures around 20°C for both the rise and decay of the slow potential component. The results provide further evidence that the carotenoids and oxonol VI sense the same (slow) electric field, but may be differently located in the thylakoid membrane. 相似文献
29.
Earlier work suggested that amino acid uptake by Lemna gibba cells is a H+-cotransport mechanism driven by a proton-electrochemical gradient at the plasmalemma. The present investigations of the transient membrane depolarizations elicited by amino acids and tracer-uptake experiments show that all neutral -L-amino acids, D-alanine and analogues, like -alanine and p-fluorophenylalanine, are transported by the same system. It remains to be seen if there are separate mechanisms for the uptake of acidic and basic amino acids. 相似文献
30.
Internodal and whorl (branch) cells of the green alga,Chara corallina Klein ex Willd., em. R.D.W., were studied with the extracellular vibrating probe for measuring transmembrane ion currents, and with an extracellular pH microprobe for measuring the surface pH profile. Bands of positive inward current (OH- efflux) 1–3 mm wide were separated by wider bands of outward current (HCO
3
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influx) along the length of the cell. The measured peaks of inward current ranged from 20 to 60 A cm-2 (98 m from the cell surface) which would correspond to a surface ionic flux of 270–800 pmol cm-2 s-1. The peaks of outward current (HCO
3
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influx) ranged from 10 to 30 A cm-2 which would correspond to a surface ionic flux of 140–400 pmol cm-2 s-1. The inward current bands matched the regions of surface alkalinity very well. The outward current (HCO
3
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influx) was reduced at least 10-fold in low-HCO
3
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medium, with a commensurate readjustment in the strength and pattern of inward current (OH- efflux). (Although these experiments involved a manipulation of the external pH, it is felt that the main adjustment in current patterns was in response to the reduction in exogenous HCO
3
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). The presence of the vibrating probe perturbed the inward current region when vibrating with a 26-m amplitude, but this perturbation was eliminated when a 7-m amplitude was used. The perturbation was usually observed as a reduction in the number of inward current peaks with an increase (approximate doubling) in the amplitudes of the one or two remaining peaks. Both the inward and outward currents were light-dependent, falling off within seconds of light removal. 相似文献