粪样在野生动物研究中的作用

野生动物数量少,取样难度大;在野外工作时,动物肌肉和血液样品还难以保存。这些给野生动物研究带来很大不便。由于动物粪样容易收集,易于保存,对动物的影响小,在野生动物研究中得到了广泛的应用。粪样分析已经应用在动物的领域、食性、消化动态、疾病与寄生虫、种群数量和遗传结构、有效种群大小、食物链与食物网、能量流与物质流的研究等方面。研究证明,在野生动物的研究和保护中,通过粪样可以得到许多关键性问题的答案。     

Information pyramids for informed biodiversity conservation

We discuss a paradigm for informed ecosystem management that provides a quantitative and rigorous foundation for informing conservation decisions and sustainable ecosystem management. Information pyramids incorporate conceptual and technological advances in ecosystem depiction and provide a framework for the integration and generalization of raw data into forms that are spatially extensive and at the appropriate level of generalization for a particular use. The basic tenets of the pyramid are: (1) Higher levels of the pyramid are entirely derived from a foundation of underlying data. (2) The process of generalization and integration upward should be objective and explicit. (3) Pyramids for different purposes often overlap, with common data and common methods for integration. (4) All levels of the pyramid should be developed together, including base data, methods and kinds of integration, and algorithms for using the information for planning and decision-making. Information pyramids are a powerful approach to organizing research science, and provide a mechanism by which research, data collection, storage and generalization can be focused on conservation outcomes. Common data and methods lead to increased efficiency, while also allowing for separate disciplines and programs. A case study of an integrated pyramid from New Zealand is discussed, which illustrates the characteristics of information pyramids. Components of this pyramid are discussed that provide examples of integration and generalization at various levels of the pyramid, from base data, to derived data, to spatial predictions and classifications, to a method of integrating this information into conservation decisions.     

稳定性碳同位素技术在生态学研究中的应用

 植物光合作用是自然界产生碳同位素分馏的最重要过程,也是碳同位素技术在生态学研究中应用的基础。最初,碳同位素主要应用于光合途径的鉴别。随着技术的不断完善和研究的不断深入,目前此项技术在生态学研究的许多领域都得到了广泛的应用。作者从植物叶片、功能群、群落冠层、生态系统以及全球等几个不同的尺度上,对碳同位素技术在生态学研究中的主要应用进行了简要的总结。     

非洲稀树草原生态系统概况

介绍了非洲稀树草原的生态系统研究概况。涵盖了生理生态。生态系统评估,火,灌木入侵并丛生,植被动态。植被退化和恢复以及生态系统管理策略等内容。在此基础上提出了非洲稀树草原生态系统管理的研究趋势。     

基于生态资产的生态系统风险分析模型及应用实例

生态学将在生态系统的管理和生命支持系统的可持续发展上发挥核心作用.对生态系统的定量研究是生态系统管理研究的核心和前沿.研究借助于金融资产风险管理方法,结合生态资产价值化和生态系统风险研究建立了基于生态资产的生态系统风险分析方法,给出了对区域(流域)生态系统总体风险进行度量的分析模型和计算公式,并以民勤绿洲生态系统为例进行了实证研究.实证研究结果表明:未来3a内民勤绿洲生态资产价值损失在95%置信水平下不会超过1.92亿元.所建立的生态资产风险分析模型对区域生态系统管理具有一定的意义.     

生态系统服务的生态学机制研究进展

全面认识和理解生态系统服务的生态学机制是加强生态系统服务功能管理的前提,但目前从生态系统服务的生态学机制研究中提供给管理者的信息还非常有限.针对生态系统服务功能的物质基础(生境、生态系统结构和生态系统过程),目前生态系统服务的生态学机制研究主要集中在3个方面:生物多样性与生态系统服务功能关系;生态系统服务功能的时空尺度特征;气候和土地利用变化对生态系统服务功能的影响机制.在综述上述3方面进展的基础上,提出了今后的研究方向.     

海洋生态系统服务的产生与实现

在阐述海洋生态系统服务内涵的基础上,分析了海洋生态系统服务的产生过程和实现途径,将海洋生态系统每一组分和(或)功能与其所提供的服务联系起来,给出了从每种组分和(或)功能到相应的服务所经过的生理生态过程.结果表明,海洋生态系统的服务一部分是生物组分和(或)系统整体直接提供,另一部分是通过系统功能产生.系统内的各种生理生态过程不直接产生服务.服务的实现包括海洋生态系统途径和海洋生态经济系统途径两种.     

印度北部Pali Gad 流域资源利用模式研究

喜马拉雅西部独特、丰富的自然资源对当地居民生计及生态服务等方面起着重要的作用。由于长期以来当地居民与山地生态系统的相互作用, 特别是农业生产、畜牧业放牧、薪柴采集以及其他多种多样的资源利用方式, 形成了一种特殊的山区文化景观。本文以印度北部的山地小流域Pali Gad (共有25 个村子)为例, 主要研究当地的资源利用状况, 利用卫星遥感数据对该地区可利用自然资源进行评估分析, 通过从户到户的社会经济调查, 对其提供的生态服务功能以及受威胁的程度进行估计, 研究分析了村民对资源需求及获取的时空变化情况。结果显示, 平均每人每天的薪柴采集量为1 . 12 kg , 平均每人每天通过修剪枝叶获得饲料采集量为3 . 69 kg , 平均每人每天从森林中采集草料的量为3 .25 kg。对生态系统服务功能进行估测的结果显示, 森林可提供更多的临时调节功能, 而农业更多的是支撑服务功能, 河流􊄯水体给当地人提供了文化服务功能。以山区典型的人- 地生态系统为例, 这类生态系统中的自然资源破碎化程度很高。研究发现, 该区域贫瘠土地上的自然资源需求还在不断增加。因此, 从长远来看, 人对资源的无止境获取将不利于整个流域的可持续发展。     

Carbon stock and allocation of five restoration ecosystems in subalpine coniferous forest zone in Western Sichuan Province, Southwest China

As the largest carbon pool of the terrestrial ecosystem, forest plays a key role in sequestrating and reserving greenhouse gases. With the method of replacing space with time, the typical restoration ecosystems of herb (dominated by Deyeuxia scabrescens, P1), shrub (dominated by Salix paraqplesia, P2), broadleaf (dominated by Betula platyphylla, P3), mixed forest (dominated by Betula spp. and Abies faxoniana, P4), and climax (dominated by Abies faxoniana, P5) were selected to quantify the carbon stock and allocation in the subalpine coniferous forest in Western Sichuan (SCFS). The results indicated that the soil organism carbon (SOC) stock decreased with the depth of soil layer, and the SOC per layer and the total SOC increased largely with the vegetation restoration. The contribution of SOC to the carbon stock of ecosystems decreased with the vegetation restoration from 89.45% to 27.06%, while the quantity was from 94.00 to 223.00 t C hm^?2. The carbon stock in ground cover increased with the vegetation restoration, and its contribution to the carbon stock of ecosystems was similar (3–4% of the total). Following the vegetation restoration, the plant carbon stock multiplied and reached to 430.86 ± 49.49 t C hm^?2 at the climax phase. During the restoration, the carbon stock of different layers increased, and the contribution of belowground to the carbon stock of ecosystems decreased sharply. The carbon stock on ecosystem scale of the climax phase was 5.89 times that of the herb phase. Our results highlighted that the vegetation restoration in SCFS was a large carbon sink.