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71.
布氏四鼠在低温条件下的实验观察 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
实验在-20℃的低温下进行。结果表明。(1)单笼饲养鼠平均存活期为145.9±30.8h。其中幼鼠耐低温力最差。然后依次为老体组、亚成体组、成体组。除幼体外,雌鼠的抗寒能力稍高于雄体。(2)饲喂冷蒿组比饲喂其它6种牧草在低温下布氏田鼠的存活期显著延长.(3)聚集可明显增强对低温的耐受程度。(4)窝草可使巢内温度保持在5~8℃,窝巢内层的温度可达15~22℃。 相似文献
72.
我国水稻迁飞性害虫猖獗成因及其治理对策建议 总被引:39,自引:2,他引:37
本文运用生态学的基本原理,在阐述我国稻飞虱(褐飞虱Nilaparvatalugens(stal),白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera(Horvath))和稻纵卷叶螟(CnaphalocrocismedinalisGuenee)近10—20年来的发生和危害状况后,分析认为,我国水稻迁飞性害虫的猖獗力害,与初始主源、生产水平和作物坏境及气候异常有很密切的关系。本文还对未来若干年内的发生趋势作了浅析,同时从宏观治理的高度提出一些建没性的控制对策。 相似文献
73.
桃儿七分布格局与生态适应的初步研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
以云南产桃儿七Sinopodophyllum hexandrum(Royle)Ying为研究材料,分析了它的分布格局及生态适应。指出桃儿七是一个分布范围较广、生态适应幅度大的物种;在分布区内它主要出现在具有次生植被的山谷中,个体在居群内的分布格局,由于受到放牧活动的影响而呈聚群式分布,植株常出现在灌木丛下和树根附近。它适应夏秋湿润凉爽,冬季及早春寒冷干燥的气候条件,并具有相应的生长与发育节律。人类 相似文献
74.
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76.
The hypothesis that facultative brood parasitism may serve asan intermediate step in the evolutionary transition from purelyparental reproduction to obligate parasitism was investigated.The population dynamics of a host-parasite complex were computer-simulatedin a model that incorporated different intensities of parasitismand host defense and considered a simplified semelparous birdspecies living in a homogeneous habitat The individuals usetwo different breeding strategies: provide parental care orparasitize the nest of those providing parental care. Underobligate parasitism, the parasites appeared unsuccessful, drovethe host population to extinction, or coexisted with the hostin stable or oscillating proportions. The behavior of the systemdepended on both the effectiveness of the parasite and the defenseof the host. Under facultative parasitism (making the best ofa bad job), the parasites reduced host numbers but did not reducethe population size below the number of breeding sites. Thus,facultative parasitism provides a better opportunity for thedevelopment of defense in the host. The population of a hostthat shows a certain level of defense can be more successfullyinvaded by obligate parasites so that stable coexistence ofhosts and parasites is possible. 相似文献
77.
Tom R. Cottrell 《植被学杂志》1996,7(2):237-246
Abstract. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was used on a data set of 112 species from 14 stands dominated by Salix planifolia and/or S. monticola. Environmental variables were determined which might be important to explain differences in stand vegetation composition, and willow stature (height), in willow carrs in the Rocky Mountain National Park. Correlation of environmental variables with DCA stand scores indicate that peat depth and soil redox potential are highly related to the primary DCA axis. Soils in stands of S. planifolia are more reduced in the early summer and have greater peat depths, than soils in stands of S. monticola. The second DCA axis is related to a water chemistry gradient of hydrogen ion, sulphate, and ammonium concentration. Four environmental variables selected by correlation analysis were regressed on stand scores from the first two DCA axes. Regression coefficients of August soil redox potential and soil water pH were significantly non-zero on the primary DCA axis. In addition to overall vegetation relationships elucidated by DCA, the relationships between willow stature and environmental variables were tested by simultaneous ANOVAs. ANOVA results and DCA ordinations indicate that S. planifolia and S. monticola plants achieve the greatest stature in the least reduced soils, and in shallow peat. Competitive, stress tolerant, and ruderal plant strategy theory applied to the vegetation data produced an arrangement of stands highly correlated to the DCA Axis 1 stand arrangement. These correlations indicate that the primary axis of vegetation structure can be extracted either by species composition, or species morphology/physiology relationships. Concurrent use of DCA and plant strategy theory is suggested as a tool for the prediction of community composition. 相似文献
78.
Akio Mori 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(1):11-26
The feeding process of Japanese monkeys on soy beans which were scattered over a sandy beach on Koshima islet was studied.
Younger monkeys were able to pick up more beans when 8 kg of beans were divided and given two times (“two times feeding”)
than when the whole amount (8 kg) of beans was given at one time (“one time feeding”). The effect of saturation of the food
intake capacity in younger monkeys at the first feeding in “two times feeding” did not appear at the second feeding one hour
later. The minutely intake of soy beans (feeding speed) for each age class was analyzed. The decline of feeding speed in adult
females after the peak in “one time feeding” was not related to the decline in density of beans on the ground, and this decline
was caused by saturation of their food intake capacity.
Adult females were divided into four classes according to their dominance rank order: high, lower-high, higher-low, and low
classes. The total amount of intake in “one time feeding” was far larger in the high class than in any of the other classes.
The total amount of feeding in the first feeding of “two times feeding” increased in accordance with rise in the dominance
rank class, and there was no relation to rank and total feeding amount in the second feeding of “two times feeding.” Differences
existed in the process of feeding between the rank classes. The feeding speed of the low class was as high as that of the
high class on the curve of minutely intake, while the low class stopped feeding much earlier than the high class. The lower-high
class displayed a low feeding speed, and stopped feeding the latest. The order of the duration to stay and to feed in the
feeding area was lower-high > high > higher-low > low, and this order did not change under the three different feeding conditions,
“one time feeding,” and the first and second feedings of “two times feeding.” Adolescent females tended to stay the longest
duration in the feeding area among all age classes. Both the lower-high class females and adolescent females had an unstable
social status in the Koshima group, and their social status affected their feeding behaviors. The feeding behaviors were similar
in attitude depending on social status, and are considered to be maintained for a fairly long time.
The feeding strategy of the lower-high class, in staying a longer duration in the artificial feeding area, and departing later,
may be effective under the artificial feeding conditions, but it may be a bad strategy in a natural habitat where the food
is not so clumped as in artificial feeding, and where choice of other food patches is possible. The above results agree well
with previous reports for the Koshima group, indicating that the rank of the lower-high class females was unstable (Mori et al., 1989), and that their reproductive success was low (Watanabe et al., 1992). 相似文献
79.
The field metabolic rates (FMR) and rates of water flux were measured in two species of varanid lizards over five periods of the year in tropical Australia. The energetics of these species were further investigated by directly measuring activity (locomotion) and body temperatures of free-ranging animals by radiotelemetry, and by measuring standard metabolic rate (over a range of body temperatures) and activity metabolism in the laboratory. Seasonal differences in the activity and energetics were found in these goannas despite similar, high daytime temperatures throughout the year in tropical Australia. Periods of inactivity were associated with the dry times of the year, but the onset of this period of inactivity differed with respect to habitat even within the same species. Varanus gouldii, which inhabit woodlands only, were inactive during the dry and late dry seasons. V. panoptes that live in the woodland had a similar seasonal pattern of activity, but V. panoptes living near the floodplain of the South Alligator River had their highest levels of activity during the dry season when they walked long distances to forage at the receding edge of the floodplain. However, during the late dry season, after the floodplain had dried completely, they too became inactive. For V. gouldii, the rates of energy expenditure were 196 kJ kg–1 day–1 for active animals and 66 kJ kg–1 day–1 for inactive animals. The rates of water influx for these groups were respectively 50.7 and 19.5 ml kg–1 day–1. For V. panoptes, the rates of energy expenditure were 143 kJ kg–1 day–1 for active animals and 56 kJ kg–1 day–1 for inactive animals. The rates of water influx for these two groups were respectively 41.4 and 21.0 ml kg–1 day–1. We divided the daily energy expenditure into the proportion of energy that lizards used when in burrows, out of burrows but inactive, and in locomotion for the two species during the different seasons. The time spent in locomotion by V. panoptes during the dry season is extremely high for a reptile (mean of 3.5 h/day spent walking), and these results provide an ecological correlate to the high aerobic capacity found in laboratory measurements of some species of varanids. 相似文献
80.
Operational patterns affecting lactic acid production in ultrafiltration cell recycle bioreactor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Lactic acid production with cell recycling on an ultrafiltration tubular membrane reactor was studied; higher lactic acid concentrations as well as productivities were obtained under long-term fermentations compared with other high cell density systems. Different operational conditions, namely dilution rates and start-up modes, were assessed. Performances were very different at the three different dilution rates tested (D = 0.20 h(-1), D = 0.40 h(-1), or D = 0.58 h(-1)). The different behaviours are discussed and factors responsible for them are presented. The best way to operate for lactic acid production is chosen, the dilution rate of D = 0.40 h(-1) being the one providing the best overall performance. On the other hand, results show that of the two start-up modes tested, continuous start (membrane open) permits higher permeabilities throughout the operational runs than batch start (membrane closed). Operational stability was found to be directly associated with membranes that work at "steady state," the membrane permeability being kept around 15 L/m(2) h. Optimized cell bleed can improve time of operation if such membrane permeability can be maintained for a longer time. A comparison of results with those obtained in other lactic acid production systems is presented; such comparison shows that this tubular ultrafiltration membrane cell recycle reactor presents three important advantages: (1) concomitant lactic acid concentrations and productivities; (2) long periods of operation at reasonable permeabilities; and (3) good mechanical stability permitting the use of steam sterilization. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献