中国柄锈菌属—新变种和—新记录种（英文）

报道了中国柄锈菌属1新变种和1新记录种。大油芒Spodiopogon sibiricus上的三吉柄锈菌大油芒变种Puccinia miyoshiana var.spodiopogonis为新变种;田葛缕子Carum buriaticum上的密堆柄锈菌Puccinia microsphincta为中国新记录种。提供了详细的形态描述和线条图。研究标本保存在赤峰学院菌物标本室(CFSZ)和中国科学院菌物标本馆(HMAS)。     

豆科植物上单胞锈菌属—新变种和—中国新记录种（英文）

报道了豆科植物上单胞锈菌属1新变种和中国1新记录种。达乌里黄耆Astragalus dahuricus上的斑点单胞锈菌达乌里黄耆变种Uromyces punctatus var.dahuricus为新变种;山岩黄耆Hedysarum alpinum上的八岳山单胞锈菌Uromyces yatsugatakensis为中国新记录种。提供了详细的形态描述和线条图。研究标本保存在赤峰学院菌物标本室(CFSZ)和中国科学院菌物标本馆(HMAS)。     

Physiological,biochemical, and proteome profiling reveals key pathways underlying the drought stress responses of Hippophae rhamnoides

The effects of drought on plant growth and development are occurring as a result of climate change and the growing scarcity of water resources. Hippophae rhamnoides has been exploited for soil and water conservation for many years. However, the outstanding drought‐resistance mechanisms possessed by this species remain unclear. The protein, physiological, and biochemical responses to medium and severe drought stresses in H. rhamnoides seedlings are analyzed. Linear decreases in photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and the content of indole acetic acid in roots, as well as a linear increase in the contents of abscisic acid, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, and zeatin riboside in leaves are observed as water potential decreased. At the same time, cell membrane permeability, malondialdehyde, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, and contents of zeatin riboside in roots and indole acetic acid in leaves showed nonconsistent changes. DIGE and MS/MS analysis identified 51 differently expressed protein spots in leaves with functions related to epigenetic modification and PTM in addition to normal metabolism, photosynthesis, signal transduction, antioxidative systems, and responses to stimuli. This study provides new insights into the responses and adaptations in this drought‐resistant species and may benefit future agricultural production.     

果园转型生态公益林防控薇甘菊的生态改造

【背景】深圳大面积果园已转型为生态公益林,但果树被入侵的薇甘菊攀爬覆盖,严重地段已导致群落退行性演替,问题亟待解决。【方法】选取有多种生境的转型果园,分片区开展以植树为核心的生态改造试验,树种以种植后不进行人工除草抚育的血桐、幌伞枫、阴香为主,辅以提高物种多样性为目标的演替中后期树种,均采用袋装大苗于2011年5月种植。【结果】在树冠连续、郁闭的果林片区,所植苗木死亡,林下草本稀少,始终无薇甘菊。在其他非郁闭片区,血桐与幌伞枫生长良好且从未被覆盖;阴香虽于秋冬季被全覆盖但不死亡,次年春新枝穿透覆盖层正常生长;其余种苗木对薇甘菊处于劣势。【结论与意义】郁闭度高的果林片区林下光照弱,能阻止薇甘菊定居,无需人工干预;血桐和幌伞枫分别具抗/耐受薇甘菊覆盖的特性,种后均无需抚育;其余树种则需抚育。因此,掌握各个树种的特性,适地种植、按需精准定株抚育是转型果园低成本、技术简单、一劳永逸地防控薇甘菊生态改造的精髓。在应对有害藤本危害时,勿忽略筛选出不惧该藤本的植物种的可能,在不使用农药、无有效动物或微生物天敌的情况下,它们有可能成为生态安全的防控改造树种。     

Impacts of climate variability on tree demography in second growth tropical forests: the importance of regional context for predicting successional trajectories

Naturally regenerating and restored second growth forests account for over 70% of tropical forest cover and provide key ecosystem services. Understanding climate change impacts on successional trajectories of these ecosystems is critical for developing effective large‐scale forest landscape restoration (FLR) programs. Differences in environmental conditions, species composition, dynamics, and landscape context from old growth forests may exacerbate climate impacts on second growth stands. We compile data from 112 studies on the effects of natural climate variability, including warming, droughts, fires, and cyclonic storms, on demography and dynamics of second growth forest trees and identify variation in forest responses across biomes, regions, and landscapes. Across studies, drought decreases tree growth, survival, and recruitment, particularly during early succession, but the effects of temperature remain unexplored. Shifts in the frequency and severity of disturbance alter successional trajectories and increase the extent of second growth forests. Vulnerability to climate extremes is generally inversely related to long‐term exposure, which varies with historical climate and biogeography. The majority of studies, however, have been conducted in the Neotropics hindering generalization. Effects of fire and cyclonic storms often lead to positive feedbacks, increasing vulnerability to climate extremes and subsequent disturbance. Fragmentation increases forests’ vulnerability to fires, wind, and drought, while land use and other human activities influence the frequency and intensity of fire, potentially retarding succession. Comparative studies of climate effects on tropical forest succession across biogeographic regions are required to forecast the response of tropical forest landscapes to future climates and to implement effective FLR policies and programs in these landscapes.     

海南东寨港真红树植物内生放线菌多样性及其抗菌活性

【目的】勘探海南东寨港真红树植物内生放线菌多样性,为发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素奠定基础。【方法】样品经表面消毒后粉碎,用10种不同培养基分离放线菌;通过PCR扩增、测定并比对16S r RNA基因序列,开展放线菌多样性分析;通过发酵、萃取等处理方法得到四类样品,包括发酵原液、乙酸乙酯提取液及水层和菌体的丙酮浸泡提取液;采用纸片扩散法对样品进行抗菌活性筛选;基于PCR的基因筛选技术探测活性菌株可能存在的NRPS、PKS I、PKS II抗生素生物合成基因。【结果】经形态特征排重,从14种真红树植物样品中共得到放线菌146株,16S r RNA基因序列比对表明它们分布于13个科18个属,其中链霉菌属为优势菌属,菌株S3Cf-2和S3Af-1的16S r RNA基因序列分别与有效发表菌株Couchioplanes caeruleus DSM44103T(X93202)和Microlunatus terrae BS6T(JF806519)的相似率最高,分别为97.45%和97.43%,可能为新物种。对其中46株放线菌发酵样品的抗菌活性检测表明,40株具有抗菌活性,总阳性率为86.96%;活性菌株中,38株菌存在至少一种所探测的生物合成基因簇,阳性率为95%,其中14株同时具有所探测的3种抗生素生物合成基因簇。【结论】海南东寨港真红树植物中存在多样性丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种及新抗生素的潜力。     

A thermodynamic approach for assessing agroecosystem sustainability

By revisiting theoretical concepts in biogeography and the importance of thermodynamic laws in biosphere-atmosphere interactions, ecological sustainability in agricultural systems may be better defined. In this case study, we employed a multidisciplinary methodology for exploring agroecosystem sustainability by using eddy covariance (EC) data to compute thermodynamic entropy production (σ) and relate it to water, energy and carbon cycling in croplands and grasslands of the Central US. From 2002 to 2012, the biophysical metric of σ was compared across AmeriFlux sites, each with site-specific land management practices of irrigation, crop rotation, and tillage. Results show that σ is most correlated with net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon, and when cropland and grassland sites are close to being carbon neutral, σ values range from 0.51–1.0 W K⁻¹ m⁻² for grasslands, 0.81–1.0 W K⁻¹ m⁻² for rainfed croplands, and 0.81–1.1 W K⁻¹ m⁻² for irrigated croplands. Irrigated maize stressed by hydrologic and high temperature anomalies associated with the 2012 drought exhibit the greatest increase in σ, indicating the possibility of decreased sustainability compared to rainfed croplands and grasslands. These results suggest that maximizing carbon uptake with irrigation and fertilizer use tends to move agroecosystems further away from thermodynamic equilibrium, which has implications for ecological sustainability and greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in climate-smart agriculture. The underlying theoretical concepts, multidisciplinary methodology, and use of eddy covariance data for biophysical indicators in this study contribute to a unique understanding of ecological sustainability in agricultural systems.     

Drought-induced dynamics of carbon and water use efficiency of global grasslands from 2000 to 2011

Drought is frequently recorded as a result of climate warming and elevated concentration of greenhouse gases, which affect the carbon and water cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. To identify the drought in grassland ecosystems and to determine how such drought affects grassland ecosystems in terms of carbon and water cycles across the globe, this study evaluated the drought conditions of global grassland ecosystems from 2000 to 2011 on the basis of the remotely sensed Drought Severity Index (DSI) data. The temporal dynamics of grassland carbon use efficiency (CUE) and water use efficiency (WUE), as well as their correlations with DSI, were also investigated at the global scale. Results showed that 57.04% of grassland ecosystems experienced a dry trend over this period. In general, most grassland ecosystems in the northern hemisphere (N.H.) were in near normal condition, whereas those in the southern hemisphere (S.H.) experienced a clear drying and wetting trend, with the year 2005 regarded as the turning point. Grassland CUE increased continually despite the varied drought conditions over this period. By contrast, WUE increased in the closed shrublands and woody savannas but decreased in all the other grassland types. The drought conditions affected the carbon and water use mainly by influencing the primary production and evapotranspiration of grass through photosynthesis and transpiration process. The CUE and WUE of savannas was most sensitive to droughts among all the grassland types. The areas of grassland DSI that showed significant correlations with CUE and WUE were 52.92% and 22.11% of the total grassland areas, respectively. Overall, droughts sufficiently explained the dynamics of grassland CUE, especially in the S.H. In comparison with grassland CUE, the grassland WUE was less sensitive to drought conditions at the global scale.     

Effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of peas for broiler chickens

The study was conducted to investigate the nutritional value of five samples of raw and extruded pea seeds (Pisum sativum L., Tarachalska cv.) from different experimental fields. The study included 150 male 1-day-old Ross 308 chickens, which were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (50 replications each) and kept in individual cages. From days 1 to 16, all birds received only the basal diets. From days 17 to 21, the control group received still the basal diet, but for the two other groups, 20% of basal diet was replaced by raw or extruded peas. Furthermore, the groups receiving raw or extruded peas were divided into five subgroups of 10 animals each, where the diets contained one of the five pea samples of the same cultivar grown at different locations, respectively. On days 19 and 20, excreta were individually collected, and then all chickens were sacrificed and ileal digesta were sampled for determination of ileal digestibility, which was calculated by the difference method. Extrusion of pea seeds decreased the contents of crude fibre, acid and neutral detergent fibre, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), phytic P and resistant starch (RS) (p ≤ 0.05), but increased the contents of apparent metabolisable energy (AME_N) by approximately 2.25 MJ/kg dry matter (DM). Furthermore, extrusion improved the DM and crude protein digestibility significantly by about 21.3% and 11.6%, respectively. Similar results were observed for the digestibility of all analysed amino acids. In conclusion, extrusion markedly influenced the chemical composition of peas, reduced their contents of phytic P, TIA and RS and consequently had a positive impact on nutrient digestibility and AME_N values.     

Olfactory cues explain differential attraction of the striped rice stem borer to different varieties of rice plant

In Iranian rice fields, different varieties of rice are cultivated which are differentially impacted by females of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. To elucidate the role odours may play in their host plant finding behaviour, female Ch. suppressalis were exposed to four varieties of rice plants and their volatiles in a four‐arm olfactometer. In whole plant tests, Ch. suppressalis were significantly attracted to the variety previously characterized as most susceptible, least attracted to one characterized as semisusceptible, and showed no attraction to those varieties characterized as semi‐ and highly resistant. Tests using headspace volatile extracts yielded similar results in the case of the most susceptible variety, but showed no attraction to the semisusceptible and highly resistant varieties, and low attraction to the semiresistant variety. Subsequent analysis of the volatile composition identified a panel of 27 components, some of which were either unique to, or abundantly present in, particular varieties, and may explain the observed variation in their attractiveness. Our findings show that rice plant volatiles can play a role in the host selection behaviour of this pest species, and we suggest compounds which may be important to this process and the future application of volatiles in rice pest management programs.