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11.
Cloudy stain is a physiological disorder of the Japanese persimmon blemishing the skin and causing a great reduction of fruit quality, thus decreasing its commercial value. The stain starts at or just prior to the fruit colour-break stage, coinciding with the presence of cuticular cracks which increase cuticle water permeability and expose subepidermal cells to air and water, causing oxidation of polyphenol substances of large skin areas that turn almost black. The incidence of the disorder examined over four consecutive years in two growing areas of Spain revealed significant differences from year to year, between areas and even the tree face examined. The data consistently showed that cooler groves and fruit located on the northern face of the canopy were more prone to develop the stain. During the 4 years of the study, the average daily minimum temperature of a period of 15–25 days prior to the onset of staining followed the same order as the yearly staining rate, and accumulated hours below 13°C correlated significantly with the percentage of fruit starting the disorder. No relationship was found between the time-course of relative humidity (RH) and the onset of staining, but once the stain started the lower RH resulted in the lower percentage of affected fruit. Dew point, wind speed, rainfall and evapotranspiration did not correlate either with the onset of staining or with its incidence. Rind of cloudy-stained fruit had higher concentration of N, K, Mg and Fe and lower concentration of Ca than that of healthy fruit, but it is not the cause of the disorder. Accordingly, we conclude that cloudy stain of Japanese persimmon starts after a period of low temperature (≤ 13°C) and, afterwards, RH is responsible for its development and severity. 相似文献
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Aoi Nikkeshi Hiromitsu Inoue Tomonori Arai Shigeki Kishi Tsunashi Kamo 《Entomological Science》2021,24(1):12-17
Flowers on the ground of orchards can provide substantial resources for wild pollinators of orchard trees. Few studies, however, have examined the relative importance of groundcover flowers to orchard pollination by analyzing pollen on the body surface of pollinators. Oriental persimmon trees bloom within the longer blooming period of white clover, which is occasionally found as a flowering plant on the ground of persimmon orchards in Japan. The present study compared the insect species assemblage collected on persimmon flowers with that on clover. Before persimmon bloomed, Bombus ardens ardens and Apis cerana japonica were the major visitors of clover flowers. Once persimmon bloomed, the former was the most abundant bee that visited persimmon flowers over the flowering period. Apis mellifera was captured only on clover flowers. We found numerous clover pollen grains on the body surface of bumblebees captured on persimmon flowers, but far fewer persimmon pollen grains on bees that visited clover. These findings show that B. ardens ardens utilized the clover flowers under the orchards before persimmon bloomed. 相似文献
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Retrotransposons play an important role in plant genetic instability and genome evolution. Retrotransposon-based molecular
markers are valuable tools to reveal the behavior of retrotransposons in their host genome. In this study, suppression polymerase
chain reaction was used, for the first time, to develop retrotransposon long terminal repeat (LTR) and polypurine tract (PPT)
primers in Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), which were then employed for germplasm identification by means of interretrotransposon-amplified polymorphism (IRAP),
sequence-specific amplified polymorphism (SSAP) and retrotransposon-microsatellite-amplified polymorphism (REMAP) molecular
markers. The results showed that 16 out of 26 primers produced expected amplifications and abundant polymorphisms by IRAP
in 28 genotypes of Diospyros. Moreover, some of these primers were further successfully used in REMAP and SSAP analysis. Each type of molecular markers
produced unique fingerprint in 28 genotypes analyzed. Among the primers/primer combinations, two IRAP primers and four SSAP
primer combinations could discriminate all of the germplasm solely. Further comparative analysis indicated that IRAP was the
most sensitive marker system for detecting variability. High level of retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms between bud
sports were detected by IRAP and SSAP, and the primers/primer combinations with powerful discrimination capacity for two pairs
of bud sports lines were further obtained. Additionally, possible genetic relationships between several Japanese persimmon
were discussed. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the development of retrotransposon LTR and PPT primers in Diospyros, and the retrotransposon primers developed herein might open new avenue for research in the future. 相似文献
15.
Antitermitic quinones from Diospyros sylvatica 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Six quinones were isolated from the chloroform extract of the roots of Diospyros sylvatica and identified as 2-methyl-anthraquinone, plumbagin, diosindigo, diospyrin, isodiospyrin and microphyllone. The effect of the root extract on the orientation and survival of the subterranean termite, Odontotermes obesus was tested. In addition, four of these quinones were tested on the survival of the subterranean termite. In a direct-choice experiment, exposure to an extract-treated filter disc had a significantly repellent effect over the solvent-treated filter disc. The no-choice experiment revealed the toxic property of the extract as well as the tested quinones and showed high mortality of the O. obesus workers after 48 h on forced exposure. The major termiticidal components identified were plumbagin, isodiospyrin and microphyllone while diospyrin was not toxic to termites at the concentration tested. All the quinones are reported for the first time from D. sylvatica. 相似文献
16.
Dani Eshel Delila Beno-Moualem Jennifer M. Lorang Amos Dinoor Dov Prusky 《Journal of Phytopathology》2002,150(6):357-362
Limited black spot symptoms (Quiescent infections) develop on persimmon fruits as Alternaria alternata hyphae penetrate the pericarp of green‐immature fruit. Inoculation of persimmon with A. alternata or treatment with a commercial preparation of purified cellulase induced similar black symptoms and higher peroxidase activity in green‐immature fruits but not in orange‐mature persimmon fruits. Both treatments induced the development of new peroxidase isoforms only in immature fruits – however, no effect was observed on polyphenoloxidase activity. A. alternata was transformed with a construct expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Histological analysis of hyphal development using GFP‐transformed fungi indicated that symptoms are always found ahead of the leading edge of the hyphae. We suggest that peroxidase increase, induced by the directly penetrating A. alternata, might be involved in the induction of quiescence infection by the pathogen in immature fruits. 相似文献
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Betulinic Acid,The First Lupane‐Type Triterpenoid Isolated from Both a Phomopsis sp. and Its Host Plant Diospyros carbonaria Benoist 下载免费PDF全文
Laure‐Anne Peyrat Véronique Eparvier Cécilia Eydoux Jean‐Claude Guillemot Marc Litaudon Didier Stien 《化学与生物多样性》2017,14(1)
Following a biological screening using a dengue replicon virus‐cell‐based assay, Diospyros carbonaria AcOEt extract was investigated, affording six known lupane‐type triterpenoids endowed with anti‐DENV‐2 NS5 polymerase activity. The study of the associated microbial community of this species permitted us to identify 38 endophytes belonging to five different orders. Nine out of these 38 strains showed significant activity on the dengue replicon assay. The chemical investigation of the most active one, Phomopsis sp. SNB‐LAP1‐7‐32, led to the isolation of betulinic acid, an anti‐viral secondary metabolite isolated previously from the host plant. This result is the first example of a lupane‐type triterpenoid isolated from both an endophyte and its host plant. Its presence in the Phomopsis strain may result from gene transfer and/or specific niche selection. 相似文献
19.
Nakagawa T Nakatsuka A Yano K Yasugahira S Nakamura R Sun N Itai A Suzuki T Itamura H 《Plant cell reports》2008,27(5):931-938
Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is an important fruit in Asian countries, where it is eaten as a fresh fruit and is also used for many other purposes.
To understand the molecular mechanism of fruit development and ripening in persimmon, we generated a total of 9,952 expressed
sequence tags (ESTs) from randomly selected clones of two different cDNA libraries. One cDNA library was derived from fruit
of “Saijo” persimmon at an early stage of development, and the other from ripening fruit. These ESTs were clustered into 6,700
non-redundant sequences. Of the 6,700 non-redundant sequences evaluated, the deduced amino acid sequences of 4,356 (65%) showed
significant homology to known proteins, and 2,344 (35%) showed no significant similarity to any known proteins in Arabidopsis databases. We report comparison of genes identified in the two cDNA libraries and describe some putative genes involved in
proanthocyanidin and carotenoid synthesis. This study provides the first global overview of a set of genes that are expressed
during fruit development and ripening in persimmon. 相似文献
20.
A pectic polysaccharide DL-2A with a molar mass of 8.5 x 10(5), was obtained from the boiling water extract of Diospyros kaki leaves. It had [alpha]20D -21.8 degrees (c 0.22, H2O) and consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, xylose and galacturonic acid units in the molar ratio of 0.4:3.4:2.4:1.0:0.8, along with traces of glucuronic acid. About 16.7% of galacturonic acid existed as the methyl ester. A combination of linkage analyses, periodate oxidation, partial acid hydrolysis, selective lithium-degraded reaction, ESIMS, 1H- and 13C- NMR spectral analyses revealed its structural features. It was found that DL-2A possessed an alpha-(1-->4)-galacturonan backbone with some insertions of alpha-1,2-Rhap residues. The side-chains of arabino-3,6-galactan were attached to the backbone via O-4 of Rhap residues and O-3 of GalAp residues, while 4-linked xylose residues (forming short linear chains) were directly linked to O-4 of rhamnose residues, not as part of the xylogalacturonan. These novel structural features enlarge the knowledge on the fine structure of pectic substances in the plant kingdom. 相似文献