Seed viability and fatty acid profiles of five orchid species before and after ageing

• Changes in seed lipid composition during ageing are associated with seed viability loss in many plant species. However, due to their small seed size, this has not been previously explored in orchids. We characterized and compared the seed viability and fatty acid profiles of five orchid species before and after ageing: one tropical epiphytic orchid from Indonesia (Dendrobium strebloceras), and four temperate species from New Zealand, D. cunninghamii (epiphytic), and Gastrodia cunninghamii, Pterostylis banksii and Thelymitra nervosa (terrestrial).
• Seeds were aged under controlled laboratory conditions (3-month storage at 60% RH and 20 °C). Seed viability was tested before and after ageing using tetrazolium chloride staining. Fatty acid methyl esters from fresh and aged seeds were extracted through trans-esterification, and then analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
• All species had high initial viability (>80%) and experienced significant viability loss after ageing. The saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and total fatty acid content decreased with ageing in all species, but this reduction was only significant for D. strebloceras, D. cunninghamii and G. cunninghamii.
• Our results suggest that fatty acid degradation is a typical response to ageing in orchids, albeit with species variation in magnitude, but the link between fatty acid degradation and viability was not elucidated. Pterostylis banksii exemplified this variation; it showed marked viability loss despite not having a significant reduction in its fatty acid content after ageing. More research is required to identify the effect of ageing on fatty acid composition in orchids, and its contribution to seed viability loss.

     

铁皮石斛化学成分及其抗氧化活性研究

采用硫酸-苯酚法、AlCl^₃比色法、酸性染料比色法测定铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)花、叶、茎中多糖、黄酮、生物碱含量，通过DPPH和ABTS清除实验评价铁皮石斛花、叶、茎的水提物和乙醇提取物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明，铁皮石斛不同部位的多糖含量茎>花>叶，黄酮含量花>叶>茎，生物碱在各个部位分布均较少。其中茎的多糖含量可达23.92%，花中黄酮含量可达1.847%。抗氧化能力评价表明，铁皮石斛花水提物、茎醇提物、花醇提物的DPPH自由基清除能力相对较好，半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为410.4 μg·mL^-1、454.1 μg·mL^-1、573.2 μg·mL^-1；铁皮石斛茎醇提物、花醇提物、花水提物ABTS自由基清除能力相对较好，半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为61.1 μg·mL^-1、62.2 μg·mL^-1、103.0 μg·mL^-1。铁皮石斛花的提取物抗氧化活性整体优于叶和茎，醇提物抗氧化能力优于水提物。     

Immunosuppressive Bibenzyl-phenylpropane Hybrids from Dendrobium devonianum

Two new bibenzyl-phenylpropane hybrids, dendrophenols A and B ( 1 and 2 ), along with nine known bibenzyls, were isolated from the aerial part of Dendrobium devonianum Paxt. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods and methylation. Bioassays revealed that compounds 1–9 were specifically immunosuppressive to T lymphocytes with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.41 to 9.4 μM, of which compounds 1 (IC₅₀=1.62 μM) and 2 (IC₅₀=0.41 μM) were promising immunosuppressive agents for T lymphocytes with the selectivity indices of 19.9 and 79.5, respectively.     

云南常见药用石斛DNA条形码筛选

选择云南省内常见的12种药用石斛，采用分子生物学鉴定技术筛选其适用的DNA条形码序列。以12种药用石斛共36个样品为材料，提取样品总DNA，对核基因片段ITS和ITS2、叶绿体基因片段psbA-trnH和matK序列进行扩增、测序，结合GenBank下载部分石斛序列；利用生物信息学软件进行序列分析和系统发育分析。结果表明，4条序列扩增和测序成功率均为100%；4条序列没有明显的Barcoding Gap，但ITS序列与ITS2序列的种内和种间重叠部分较少，有偏向两端的趋势；系统发育树显示，ITS和psbA-trnH序列能成功区分12种云南常见的药用石斛，ITS2序列未能区分长距石斛(Dendrobium longicornu)和矮石斛(D. bellatulum)，matK序列仅区分6种石斛。建议以ITS和psbA-trnH序列作为云南药用石斛鉴定序列，为药用石斛的种源鉴定提供理论依据。     

Rapid structural evolution of Dendrobium mitogenomes and mito-nuclear phylogeny discordances in Dendrobium (Orchidaceae)

Reconstructing mitochondrial genomes of angiosperms is extremely intricate due to frequent recombinations which give rise to varied sized in Dendrobium mitogenomes and their structural variations, even in most orchid species. In this study, we first sequenced two complete and five draft mitochondrial genomes of Dendrobium using next-generation and third-generation sequencing technologies. The mitochondrial genomes were 420 538–689 048 bp long, showing multipartite (multichromosomal) structures that consisted of variably sized circular or linear-mapping isoforms (chromosomes). The comparison of mitochondrial genomes showed frequent gene losses in Dendrobium species. To explore structure variations of mitochondrial genomes in vivo, we quantified copy numbers of five mitochondrial genes and DNA contents per mitochondrion. The gene copy numbers and the DNA contents showed extreme differences during Dendrobium development, suggesting dynamic structures of mitochondrial genomes. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships of 97 accessions from 39 Dendrobium species were constructed based on 12 nuclear single-copy genes and 15 mitochondrial genes. We discovered obvious discordance between the nuclear and mitochondrial trees. Reticulate evolution was inferred from the species network analysis in Dendrobium. Our findings revealed the rapid structural evolution of Dendrobium mitochondrial genomes and the existence of hybridization events in Dendrobium species, which provided new insights into in vivo structural variations of plant mitochondrial genomes and the strong potential of mitochondrial genes in deciphering plant evolution history.     

印度梨形孢对铁皮石斛种子萌发和原球茎生长的影响

为探究印度梨形孢(Piriformospora indica)对铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)种子萌发和原球茎生长的影响,在铁皮石斛种子离体培养和原球茎生长阶段分别接种印度梨形孢,对其形态发育特征和生理特性进行研究.结果表明,接种印度梨形孢的铁皮石斛种子的起始萌发时间提前,接种印度梨形孢的铁皮石...     

氨基酸叶面硒肥对铁皮石斛富硒及多糖含量的影响

研究不同浓度氨基酸叶面硒肥(CK、1200倍液、900倍液和600倍液)对智能温室人工栽培红杆铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)枝条(即鲜条)富硒、抽芽和多糖含量的影响。结果表明,氨基酸硒肥各浓度处理均极显著提高鲜条硒和多糖含量。鲜条硒含量与氨基酸硒肥浓度呈正相关,且各处理间达极显著差异。鲜条多糖含量在氨基酸硒肥浓度较低(CK、1200、900倍液)时呈正相关,并在氨基酸硒肥900倍液时达最高(35.213 g·kg-1),之后呈递减趋势。氨基酸硒肥稀释达900倍时,90%以上鲜条已抽出3片韧叶,表明氨基酸硒肥明显促进鲜条生长。因此,环保型氨基酸硒肥900倍液是铁皮石斛营养积累前期较适宜浓度。     

稀土镧对铁皮石斛不定芽诱导、植株生长及次生代谢产物合成的影响

采用培养基中添加30~150 μmol·L^-1 La（NO₃）₃的方式，研究La³⁺对铁皮石斛不定芽诱导、植株生长及次生代谢产物合成的影响。结果表明：70~90 μmol·L^-1的La³⁺对茎段不定芽诱导和促生效果最好；130 μmol·L^-1的La³⁺能显著提高叶绿素含量，植株在含110 μmol·L^-1 La³⁺培养基上生长最好，鲜重增加了15.22倍，显著高于对照，干鲜比为12.05∶100，比对照提高了64.39%；一定浓度的La³⁺显著提高干品中4种成分含量，110 μmol·L^-1 La³⁺处理下其多糖含量最高，为98.84 mg·g^-1，添加90 μmol·L^-1时，总黄酮、总酚和联苄含量最高，为4.31，7.56和21.01 mg·g^-1。联苄和总黄酮含量与其他5个指标相关性较大，而总酚和叶绿素含量与其他5个指标相关性小。本研究为进一步探究稀土对铁皮石斛促生及改善品质的作用机制奠定基础，为植物组培中如何科学合理使用稀土元素提供理论依据。     

外源硒对低温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗的缓解效应及其抗氧化生理特征变化

以3个不同品系的铁皮石斛幼苗为材料,分别于叶面喷施不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液处理,并结合人工控温生长条件下的低温胁迫试验,探讨外源硒对铁皮石斛幼苗耐冷性和恢复生长能力的影响作用及其与有关抗氧化生理指标间的关系。结果表明:(1)耐冷性表现较强的品系其幼苗在低温胁迫下的叶绿素、MDA及脯氨酸含量变化幅度相对小于耐冷性较弱的品系。(2)适量浓度(0.05～0.10mg.L-1)外源硒处理对低温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗叶绿素降解具有缓解效应,可降低MDA含量,增加脯氨酸含量,同时显著提高GSH-AsA循环活性,从而提高铁皮石斛幼苗的耐冷性,但过高浓度的外源硒处理(>0.20mg.L-1)则效果相反。(3)低温胁迫解除后,0.10mg.L-1的外源硒处理能引起铁皮石斛‘ZD-1’幼苗中AsA含量显著下降并促进其GSH合成积累,有效提升铁皮石斛幼苗在恢复生长期的综合抗氧化防御能力。