Systematic study of the genus Cyphononyx (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) occurring in Japan

Generic characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Cyphononyx are presented, together with a brief review of the biology of the genus. It is shown that only one species of the genus, C. fulvognathus (Rohwer), occurs in Japan. This species is distributed also in Taiwan and south China, and has hitherto been recognized under the name of C. dorsalis. In addition, two new combinations are presented: Cyphononyx hirtus (Haupt, 1935) (= Cryptochilus hirtus Haupt) and Cyphononyx plebejus (de Saussure, 1867) (= Agenia plebeja de Saussure), both of which were recorded from the Oriental Region.     

桔小实蝇在中国云南省的分布(英文)

在云南 1 2个县的诱捕试验表明 ,桔小实蝇在云南的分布可以划分为 3个区域。广南、元江和瑞丽以南的地区为该虫常年发生区。在该区域内 ,桔小实蝇年发生 4- 5代 ,可对瓜果形成周年危害。位于六库、大姚和曲靖以北的地区为该虫的非分布区。本试验未能在该地区诱捕到桔小实蝇或桔小实蝇受害果。位于上述两区域之间的区域为桔小实蝇季节性分布区。桔小实蝇在该地区年发生 2 - 3代 ,出现于 5- 1 1月。桔小实蝇在分布区内不同地区的发生高峰期 ,由南向北逐渐推移 ,如在景洪为 6月而在姚安为 1 0月。在地理垂直分布上 ,该虫主要分布于海拔 50 0 - 2 30 0m范围内 ,而其在 50 0 - 1 0 0 0m范围内发生量最大。研究认为 ,桔小实蝇在上述经度和海拔范围的发生与分布 ,主要与当地气候条件与寄主植物有关。     

基于性信息诱捕监测广东桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇发生动态及其对2种常用农药的抗药性评价

利用性信息素诱捕的方法对广东省茂名、佛山、梅州和韶关的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)和瓜实蝇Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett)种群动态进行监测;并用药膜法测定了两种实蝇不同地理种群成虫对阿维菌素和甲维盐的抗药性情况。结果表明,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇在所监测的4个地市全年均有发生,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇种群数量发生高峰期集中在5月中旬至8月中旬,从4月中旬开始田间种群数量开始增加,10月中旬以后种群数量急剧下降,高峰期与果实成熟期基本吻合。抗药性监测结果表明,桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇对阿维菌素和甲维盐的抗药性有逐年上升趋势,广东4个地市桔小实蝇和瓜实蝇已对阿维菌素产生中等抗性水平;2019年11月监测梅州地区桔小实蝇种群和韶关瓜实蝇种群对甲维盐抗性倍数分别为4.32和3.42倍,仍处于敏感水平,其余地区种群对甲维盐均达到了低水平或中等水平抗性。     

A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus: II. Limbic nuclei anterior principalis and lateralis dorsalis

Structures in the limbic system are commonly thought to be similar in form and function in all mammalian brains. In the study reported here, two thalamic limbic nuclei, N. anterior principles and N. lateralis dorsalis, were compared among a group of extant of extant hominoids. The nuclear volumes, neuronal densities, number of neurons per nucleus, and volumes of neuronal perikarya were measured. Humans have much larger nuclei but the nuclei constitute a similar proportion of the whole thalamus as found in the other hominoids. Whereas the human limbic nuclei were observed to have a decrease in the densities of nerve cells compared with those of the other hominoids, this difference is less than that found in most other thalamic nuclei. Consequently the estimated number of neurons is much higher for humans. The total number of neurons best separates the human limbic nuclei from those of the other hominoids. This preliminary study suggests that during hominid evolution neurons were preferentially added to the limbic nuclei of the thalamus.     

卵表化合物对桔小实蝇产卵行为的影响

多种实蝇科害虫产卵后可释放寄主标记信息素来表明寄主果实已经被占据，从而调节自身或同种个体间的对寄主果实的产卵选择行为。为探明桔小实蝇卵表化合物的寄主标记作用，本文测定了桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇的产卵驱避活性，并观察了甲醇提取物处理对桔小实蝇产卵行为过程的影响。结果表明：桔小实蝇卵表甲醇提取物对桔小实蝇有明显的产卵驱避活性，且活性随浓度的增加而增强，当提取物浓度为100 mg/mL（虫卵与溶剂质量体积比，m/v）时，在选择性条件下的产卵驱避率为55-45%；非选择性条件下的产卵驱避率达到64%-79%。经卵表提取物处理后，桔小实蝇在寄主果实上的访问次数、试探产卵时间、试探产卵次数、实际产卵次数和产卵量均显著少于对照。证实了桔小实蝇卵表化合物具有明显的产卵寄主标记作用。     

不同饲养温度对橘小实蝇蛹色伴性遗传品系的影响

分别在19℃,22℃,25℃,28＇t2,31℃下饲养橘小实蝇蛹色伴性遗传品系,统计各温度下卵到蛹的的获得率、蛹重、羽化率、存活率及飞出率。结果表明卵到蛹的获得率28℃最大,为62．12％,19℃最小,为43．12％;蛹重25℃最重为1．3854g／100粒,19℃最轻,为1．2610g／100粒;羽化率25℃最高,为93％,31℃最低,仅82．67％;存活率31℃最高,为66％,19℃最低,仅为4．67％;飞出率25℃最高,为65％,31℃最低,为16％。综合不同温度下的卵到蛹的的获得率、蛹重、羽化率、存活率及飞出率得出25℃-28℃是大量饲养橘小实蝇蛹色伴性遗传品系的最佳温度。     

橘小实蝇快速检疫鉴定方法

采用形态学观察与PCR技术相结合的方法,针对台湾水果中截获的可疑橘小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis(Hendel)幼虫和蛹进行快速鉴定。采用异硫氰酸胍方法快速提取昆虫基因组DNA,并根据特异性引物,采用PCR技术从截获的可疑橘小实蝇幼虫和蛹样本中均扩增得到224 bp的特异性条带,经测序比较发现,扩增产物序列与橘小实蝇目的基因序列完全相同,由此证明可疑样本为橘小实蝇的幼虫和蛹。该方法解决了橘小实蝇幼虫和蛹等未成熟虫态的快速检疫难题,大大缩短了检测周期,值得口岸检验检疫借鉴应用。     

Attraction and mortality of oriental fruit flies to SPLAT‐MAT‐methyl eugenol with spinosad†

Studies were conducted in 2007 and 2008 in Hawaii, USA to quantify attraction and feeding responses resulting in mortality of the male oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to a novel male annihilation treatment (MAT) formulation consisting of specialized pheromone and lure application technology (SPLAT) in combination with methyl eugenol (ME) and spinosad (=SPLAT‐MAT‐ME with spinosad) in comparison with Min‐U‐Gel‐ME with naled (Dibrom). Our approach involved a novel behavioral methodology for evaluation of slow‐acting reduced‐risk insecticides. Methyl eugenol treatments were weathered for 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks in California, USA, and shipped to Hawaii for bioassays. In field tests involving bucket traps to attract and capture wild males, and in toxicity studies conducted in 1 m³ cages using released males of controlled ages, SPLAT‐MAT‐ME with spinosad performed similar to or outperformed the standard formulation of Min‐U‐Gel‐ME with naled for material aged for up to 8 weeks in the 2008 tests. In laboratory feeding tests in which individual males were exposed for 5 min to the different ME treatments, mortality induced by SPLAT‐MAT‐ME with spinosad recorded at 24 h did not differ from that caused by Min‐U‐Gel ME with naled at 1, 2, and 4 weeks. Spinosad has low contact toxicity, and when mixed with SPLAT offers a reduced‐risk alternative for control of B. dorsalis, without many of the negative effects to humans and non‐targets of broad‐spectrum contact poisons such as naled. Our results indicate that SPLAT‐MAT‐ME with spinosad offers potential for control of males in an area‐wide integrated pest management (IPM) system without the need for conventional organophosphates.     

桔小实蝇对五种芒果气味挥发性物质的行为反应

为了探究寄主气味挥发物对桔小实蝇行为的影响,本研究应用Y型嗅觉仪测定了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)成虫对5种芒果气味挥发性物质(乙酸乙酯,α-蒎稀,异松油烯,3-蒈烯和石竹烯)及5种物质混合物的行为反应。结果表明,桔小实蝇雌、雄虫对5种物质及5种物质混合物的行为反应无显著性差异。结果还揭示,桔小实蝇成虫对乙酸乙酯有明显的趋性反应,对异松油烯有明显的忌避反应,而对α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、石竹烯和5种物质的混合物均没有明显的行为定向反应。说明桔小实蝇成虫对芒果不同气味挥发物的行为反应存在差别,这可为研发桔小实蝇成虫防治新方法提供基础信息。     

Over-wintering stage polymorphism of a bruchine beetle: geographical variation in optimal diapause strategy

Abstract.  1. Most temperate insects undergo diapause at a specific developmental stage to overcome severe winters. The bruchine beetle Bruchidius dorsalis in a warmer region in Japan, however, has diverse over-wintering stages – non-diapausing larvae, diapausing larvae, and diapausing adults, whereas in a cooler region, it over-winters only as the final instar larva or adult in diapause.
2. The geographical pattern of over-wintering stages in 12 populations was investigated over a wide range along the mainland of Japan. It revealed that a distinct geographical pattern of over-wintering stages exists in relation to temperature conditions. In regions with warmer climates, the proportion of non-diapausing larvae increased and B. dorsalis had a more complex over-wintering stage structure.
3. Life cycles were also compared between two areas of Japan by field experiments. In the cooler area, the first generation over-wintered in the diapausing larval or adult stage. Conversely, in the warmer area, diapause was induced later and some of the first-generation adults produced second-generation offspring before over-wintering.
4. Based on the geographical cline of climates and the differences in cold hardiness among stages, we can demonstrate that the over-wintering stage variation among and within populations results from an adaptive timing of diapause induction in each region, because the late larval or adult diapauses protect pupae or eggs – which unlike other stages are not cold hardy – from being produced late in the season.