利用线性混合效应模型模拟杉木人工林枝条生物量

基于福建省将乐林场45株人工杉木解析木的572组枝条生物量数据,采用线性混合效应模型方法,建立杉木人工林枝条总生物量和枝、叶生物量的预测模型,并利用独立样本数据对模型进行检验.结果表明： 线性混合效应模型比传统多元线性回归模型的拟合精度高.不同随机效应参数的组合,其混合模型的精度不同.考虑异方差结构的混合模型能够消除数据间的异方差性,其精度更高,其中,对于枝条总生物量和叶生物量模型,以指数函数作为异方差结构时的模型精度最高;对于枝生物量模型,以常数加幂函数作为异方差结构时的模型精度最高.模型检验结果表明：对于杉木人工林枝条生物量预测模型,考虑随机效应和异方差结构的线性混合模型的检验精度比传统多元线性回归模型的精度有明显提高.     

大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应

以黑龙江漠河生态站兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,对林外雨、穿透雨和树干茎流进行定位观测,分析大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松林穿透雨延滞效应.结果表明： 穿透雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量分别占同期降雨总量的76.5%、2.6%和20.9%.降雨发生后,穿透雨与林外雨在产生和终止时间上均存在一定延滞性;随降雨量级增大,穿透雨滞后时间表现出逐渐缩短的趋势,变动范围为（67.8±7.8）～（17.2±3.9） min（穿透雨）和（112.0±38.8）～（48.3±10.6） min（树干茎流）;相同降雨量级下,穿透雨滞后时间随降雨强度增大而逐渐降低,且降雨强度>2 mm·h^-1时延滞时间显著缩短,同时随雨前干燥期的增加而增长,而当雨前干燥期≥48 h时,降雨量则是影响滞后时间的主要因素;降雨终止时,降雨量>5.0 mm,穿透雨终止时间也存在延滞性,且随降雨强度增加而增大,但与雨前干燥期关系不明显;树干茎流终止时间先于林外雨终止时间,且主要与降雨量级有关,降雨量级越小,终止时间越早.     

龟纹瓢虫四虫态肠道细菌分离及鉴定

目的通过对龟纹瓢虫四个虫态肠道菌群研究,探讨其营养生理,为改良龟纹瓢虫人工饲料,大量扩繁天敌昆虫奠定基础。方法按照传统的分离方法从龟纹瓢虫瓢卵、幼虫、蛹及雌成虫或肠道内分离15个不同菌株,对其染色反应、培养性状,菌体形态和生理生化性状进行系统研究。结果从龟纹瓢虫卵内分离鉴定出短芽胞杆菌（Bacillus brevis）、球性芽胞杆菌（Bacillus sphaericus）、棍状杆菌属（Clavibacter）和一种未知分类地位的菌;幼虫肠道内分离鉴定柠檬酸杆菌属（Citrob acter）、短状杆菌属（Brachybacterium）、微杆菌属（Microbacterium）、皮杆菌属（Dermabacter）、浸麻芽胞杆菌属（Bacillus macerans）、纤维单胞菌属（Cellulomonas）;蛹肠道分离鉴定出短芽胞杆菌（Bacillus brevis）、蜡状芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）、微杆菌属（Microbacterium）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）;成虫肠道分离鉴定出短芽胞杆菌（Bacillus brevis）、球性芽胞杆菌（Bacillus sphaericus）、柠檬酸杆菌属（Citrob acter）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、地衣芽胞杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）、凝结芽胞杆菌（Bacillus coagulans）和巨大芽胞杆菌（Bacillusmegaterium）。结论不同虫态龟纹瓢虫肠道中细菌种类不同,为进一步研究适合龟纹瓢虫不同时期生长和繁殖的人工饲料的配比提供了依据。     

地中海地区稻种资源的籼粳分类及遗传多样性

利用SSR标记及程氏综合指数法分析了109份从地中海引进的水稻种质资源的遗传多样性和籼粳类型,同时利用籼粳测交法分析了其中37份资源的籼粳亲和性.结果表明,大部分引进的水稻种质属粳稻类型,基于SSR聚类、程氏综合指数法分析所确定的粳型品种数分别占引进种质的80.73%和77.98%,基于籼粳亲和性分类所确定的粳型品种数占供试37份资源的75.68%.地中海稻种资源具有较高的遗传多样性,平均有效等位基因数为3.84个,Nei多样性指数平均值为0.482,其中籼稻群与粳稻群的Nei多样性指数分别为0.459和0.340,籼稻遗传多样性高于粳稻.研究结果对于科学引进、合理保存和有效利用国外水稻种质改良国内水稻品种具有指导意义.     

辽宁省虫生真菌的2个新记录种

报道了在辽宁省丹东市白石砬子国家自然保护区采集到的2个辽宁省新记录种,即虫草科(Cordycip-itaceae)的下垂虫草(Cordyceps nutans Pat.)和日本棒束孢(1sariajaponica Yusuda),并描述了其形态特征和生境分布.     

Effects of elevated CO2 and plant genotype on interactions among cotton,aphids and parasitoids

Abstract Effects of CO₂ level (ambient vs. elevated) on the interactions among three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes, the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover), and its hymenoptera parasitoid (Lysiphlebia japonica Ashrnead) were quantified. It was hypothesized that aphid‐parasitoid interactions in crop systems may be altered by elevated CO₂, and that the degree of change is influenced by plant genotype. The cotton genotypes had high (M9101), medium (HZ401) and low (ZMS13) gossypol contents, and the response to elevated CO₂ was genotype‐specific. Elevated CO₂ increased the ratio of total non‐structural carbohydrates to nitrogen (TNC: N) in the high‐gossypol genotype and the medium‐gossypol genotype. For all three genotypes, elevated CO₂ had no effect on concentrations of gossypol and condensed tannins. A. gossypii fitness declined when aphids were reared on the high‐gossypol genotype versus the low‐gossypol genotype under elevated CO₂. Furthermore, elevated CO₂ decreased the developmental time of L. japonica associated with the high‐gossypol genotype and the low‐gossypol genotype, but did not affect parasitism or emergence rates. Our study suggests that the abundance of A. gossypii on cotton will not be directly affected by increases in atmospheric CO₂. We speculate that A. gossypii may diminish in pest status in elevated CO₂ and high‐gossypol genotype environments because of reduced fitness to the high‐gossypol genotype and shorter developmental time of L. japonica.     

Summer feeding habits of the Pacific pomfret Brama japonica in the transitional and subarctic waters of the central North Pacific

Feeding habits of the Pacific pomfret Brama japonica , ranging from 30 to 40 cm in standard length, were quantitatively evaluated using the index of relative importance and were compared between the transitional domain and subarctic region in the central North Pacific. In the transitional domain (between the subarctic boundary and the subarctic front), this species fed mainly on subarctic and transitional‐water gonatid squids such as Berryteuthis anonychus , Gonatus middendorffi and Gonatopsis borealis , the transitional‐water squid Onychoteuthis borealijaponica , and a subtropical and transitional‐water amphipod, Phronima sedentaria . These prey items accounted for 52·8% by wet mass of total stomach contents. In the subarctic region (north of the subarctic front), Pacific pomfrets preyed primarily on subarctic and transitional‐water squids, such as B. anonychus and G. middendorffi , and secondarily on subarctic amphipods such as Hyperia medusarum and Hyperia glaba . These four prey items comprised 71·6% by mass of total stomach contents. Major transitional domain prey items, such as G. borealis, O. borealijaponica and P. sedentaria , were almost non‐existent in stomachs of fish from the subarctic region. The mean wet stomach content mass expressed as a percentage of body mass was significantly higher in the subarctic region (2·35%) than in the transitional domain (0·75%), suggesting that, for this fish, prey items are more readily available in the subarctic region during summer and their northward migration is a feeding migration. Feeding strategy of the Pacific pomfret was discussed in relation to their seasonal south‐north migration.     

High diversity of endophytic fungi from the pharmaceutical plant, Heterosmilax japonica Kunth revealed by cultivation-independent approach

Heterosmilax japonica Kunth is well recognized for its diuretic effects in China. However, little is known about its endophytic fungi. In this study, microbial communities inhabiting the stems of H. japonica in spring and summer were investigated by light microscopy and cultivation-independent approaches, such as RFLP analysis and sequencing of rDNA ITS library. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that a broad spectrum of fungi, including Mycosphaerella, Phomopsis, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Glomerella, Botryosphaeria, Guignardia, is able to colonize the plants internally. Particularly, several rDNA sequences determined in this study like YJ4-61 are not specifically affiliated with any currently documented fungal sequences in the public database. Several sequence types, such as YJ4-9 and YJ4-70, are significantly similar to some uncultured environmental samples. Furthermore, our result also showed that the samples collected in spring harbored more abundant endophytic populations than that in summer, implying a seasonal fluctuation for the endophytes in H. japonica.     

鸭跖草科杜若(Pollia japonica Thunb.)的减数分裂研究

首次对鸭跖草科杜若(Pollia japonicaThunb.)进行了花粉母细胞减数分裂观察,并重新报道了该种的染色体数目为2n=32。结果显示,减数分裂中期I构型为16Ⅱ,并且观察到次级联会现象。减数分裂后期I和后期Ⅱ存在落后染色体、染色体断片、二次分裂不同步等异常现象,统计各时期畸形率都低于10%。随机统计花粉粒活性,成熟率达到90%以上。这说明杜若的减数分裂过程基本正常,也证明了2n=32的体细胞染色体数目是可信的。     

Differentiation of a Miniature Inverted Transposable Element （MITE） System in Asian Rice Cultivars and Its Inference for a Diphyletic Origin of Two Subspecies of Asian Cultivated Rice

In the present study, we report a survey on a Miniature Inverted Transposable Element （MITE） system known as mPing in 102 varieties of Asian cultivated rice （Oryza sativa L.）. We found that mPing populations could be generalized Into two families, mPing-1 and mPing-2, according to their sequence structures. Further analysis showed that these two families of mPing had significant bias in their distribution pattern in two subspecies of rice, namely O. sativa ssp. japonica and indica. 0. sativa japonica has a higher proportion of mPing-1 as a general trait, whereas 0. sativa indica has a higher proportion of roPing-2. We also examined the mPing system In a doubled haploid （DH） cross-breeding population of jingxi 17 （japonica） and zhaiyeqing 8 （indica） varieties and observed that the mPing system was not tightly linked to major subspecies-determining genes. Furthermore, we checked the mPing system in 28 accessions of Asian common wild rice O. rufipogon and found the roPing system in 0. rufipogon. The distribution pattern of the roPing system in O. rufipogon indicated a diphyletlc origin of the Asian cultivated rice O. sativa species. We did not find the mPing system in another 20 Oryza species. These results substantiated a previous hypothesis that O. ruflpogon and O. nivara species were the closest relatives of O. sativa and that the two extant subspecies of O. sativa were evolved independently from corresponding ecotypes of O. ruflpogon.