鄱阳湖越冬白鹤家庭行为

2012年11月至2013年3月,采用焦点取样法,对在江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区内越冬的白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)家庭行为进行了研究。结果表明,以家庭为活动单位的白鹤群,成年白鹤活动时间分配比例为:取食80.9%、警戒10.5%、理羽4.0%、游走3.9%、其他0.7%;越冬早期,成年白鹤游走行为的日节律呈现早、晚高,中午低,低谷在10:30~12:30时;越冬晚期,13:00~14:00时出现明显的取食低谷及警戒、游走和理羽的高峰;而越冬早期、中期的理羽高峰出现在14:00~15:00时;成年白鹤雄性与雌性的活动时间分配比例差异不显著;越冬期早、中、晚三个时期,成年白鹤的警戒(F=3.45,P=0.040)、理羽(F=6.99, P=0.001)及游走(F=7.79, P=0.001)行为比例差异显著。幼鹤活动时间分配比例与成年白鹤差异非常显著。幼鹤活动时间分配比例为:取食66.2%、乞食14.0%、警戒3.7%、理羽5.4%、游走3.6%、其他7.1%。雄性成鹤对幼鹤的喂饲频次呈递减趋势,雌性成鹤对幼鹤的喂饲频次从11月底到12月初呈上升趋势,12月中旬以后呈递减状态。整个越冬期,雄、雌成鹤喂饲幼鹤频次无显著性别差异(P=0.340),但越冬中期(P<0.001)及晚期(P=0.005)表现出极显著差异。随着幼鹤的成长,其活动时间节律发生较大变化;幼鹤取食行为比例明显增加,同时其乞食行为的比例显著减少,警戒行为比例显著增加。本次研究从行为学的角度展示了成年白鹤性别差异、幼鹤的生长过程及成鹤对幼鹤生长的重要性。     

贵州草海越冬黑颈鹤飞出飞回夜栖地行为节律初步观察

野生动物行为节律常常是其对环境变化的一种行为适应。黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)越冬期会利用固定夜栖地,形成每天早晨飞出觅食,傍晚飞回夜栖的固定行为模式。为探索这一固定行为模式在越冬不同时期的变化及其影响因素,利用瞬时扫描法对草海湿地全部7个固定夜栖地的黑颈鹤飞出和飞回夜栖地准确时间及飞出之前和飞回之后在夜栖地的行为节律进行了观察。并且保证越冬前期(11月9日至12月31日)、中期(1月1日至2月21)和后期(2月22日至3月31日)3个阶段的调查时间分别不低于15 d。结果表明,越冬不同时期黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地时间差异极显著(F=23.38,P0.01),飞回夜栖地时间存在显著性差异(F=3.51,P0.05)。整个越冬期,黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地时间在中期延后,而到后期则更为提前,越冬前期、中期和后期飞出夜栖地的平均时间分别为7:34时、7:40时和7:13时;而飞回夜栖地时间逐渐延后,平均时间由前期的17:12时,至中期的17:40时和后期的18:15时。黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地之前的行为在越冬前期、中期和后期差异极显著(F=1 768.25,df=12,P0.01),飞回夜栖地之后的行为在前期、中期和后期差异亦极显著(F=793.98,df=12,P0.01)。越冬前期、中期和后期,黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地之前的行为与飞回夜栖地之后的行为均差异极显著(前期F=2 723.16,df=6,P0.01;中期F=1 979.48,df=6,P0.01;后期F=5 098.18,df=6,P0.01)。黑颈鹤在飞出夜栖地前的80 min内,其行为以保养(34.32%)和休息(32.38%)为主;而飞回夜栖地后的90 min内,以觅食(43.04%)和休息(23.68%)为主。飞出时刻与日出时刻呈显著强相关(r=0.832,n=48,P0.01),飞回时刻与日落时刻呈弱相关(r=0.353,n=47,P0.01)。日出时间与黑颈鹤飞出夜栖地的时间的差值(Y1)受飞离时的空气湿度(W)影响,二者成反比,Y1=0.469﹣0.625W,P0.05。黑颈鹤飞回夜栖地时刻与日落时刻的差值(Y2)受当天平均温度(T)的影响较为显著,Y2=1.231﹣0.107T,P0.05,当天平均温度越高黑颈鹤飞回夜栖地时间越早,温度越低,黑颈鹤飞回夜栖地的时间越晚。研究结果对于进一步探讨黑颈鹤完整夜栖行为及其对干扰的适应性具有重要意义。     

A new species of Stibadocerella Brunetti, 1918 from China (Diptera,Cylindrotomidae)

Four species of the genus Stibadocerella Brunetti, 1918 were previously known from the world. Here one new species, Stibadocerella shennongensis Zhang & Yang, sp. nov. is reported from Hubei, China. New record Stibadocerella pristina Brunetti, 1918 from Hainan, China is re-described and illustrated. A key to the known species of Stibadocerella is presented.www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:45002F67-2C20-4F3C-A543-81F802EA3900.     

Le Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus (Mammalia,Perissodactyla) d'Indochine: distinction taxinomique et anatomique; relations phylétiques

The recent Rhinoceros sondaicusDesmarest of 0815 Indochina are referable to a separate subspecies Rh. sondaicus annamiticusHeude. Following a comparison with the various other subspecies, a diagnosis is established on the base of craniological, odontological and osteological features. Rh. sondaicus annamiticus is descended from the Pleistocene form from Indochina, Rh. sondaicus guthi; the distinctive geographic features being superimposed on the species-wide evolutionary trends.     

The Pachycrocuta and Hyaena lineages (plio-pleistocene and extant species of the Hyaenidae). Their relationships with miocene ictitheres: Palhyaena and Hyaenictitherium

The large «crocutoïd hyaenas from the Plio-Pleistocenedeposits of Eurasia do not belong to the same lineage as the extant species Hyaena hyaena and must be referred to the genus PachycrocutaKretzoi, of which an emended diagnosis is given. This revision takes into account some undescribed or ill-known specimens from Russia, China and Africa. They definitely establish that Pachycrocuta ranged over Eurasia, from West Europe to East China, as early as the early Villafranchian at least, and that it was present in North Africa too; a large sample from the Odessa Catacombs affords an estimation of the intraspecific variation in the Ruscinian species, H. pyrenaica, known until now by only a few specimens from the western part of the Mediterranean basin, and it shows H. pyrenaica to be the ancestral form of the Villafranchian Eurasian species P. perrieri, from which derived P. brevirostris, the last species of the lineage, as previously shown by other authors.It appears that the “Hyaena lineage evolved simultaneously in Africa; we knew already that the root of this lineage is H. abronia, a species from the late Miocene of South Africa whose generic attribution is discussed relative to some Ictitheres from Shan-Si, Samos, Sahabi and Klein Zee. The hypothesis of a common African origin of the two lineages is not excluded, if not demonstrated. The relationships of the Pleistocene European species H. prisca and that of the extant African species H. brunnea are discussed.     

四川美姑、汉源黑颈鹤迁徙停歇地环境调查

于2005年及2006年春季在云南大山包和贵州草海给8只黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)放置了卫星发射器,观察结果表明,其中6只黑颈鹤至少完成了一次完整的春季或秋季迁徙。黑颈鹤在四川省汉源停歇的乡镇包括:乌斯河镇、河南、坭美、梨园、宜东、三交坪和皇木;在美姑停歇的乡镇包括:柳洪、依果觉、农作、拉木阿觉、炳途、瓦古、峨曲古龙门和尼哈。2005年6月4~8日和2006年6月8~14日实地考察了汉源和美姑两县的黑颈鹤停歇地点。黑颈鹤在两县的停歇地点都在海拔1900m以上且人为活动稀少的区域,或为草甸覆盖的高山浑圆山头,或为高山缓坡的林间空旷草地。     

基于卫星定位跟踪数据解读白头鹤的性别、年龄、繁殖及领域回归

2014—2021年,在中国东北、长江中下游以及蒙古国和俄罗斯,通过救助和野外捕捉共计为33只白头鹤(Grus monacha)安装了卫星定位跟踪器,同时佩戴了金属环和彩色塑料环。根据卫星定位信息,找到繁殖巢后,在其周边布设红外照相机。利用卫星跟踪6年以上的6只白头鹤个体以及在小兴安岭北部度夏、繁殖的7只白头鹤个体的定位跟踪数据,将5月15日零时位点为基准点,利用设置的位移-时间计算公式将定位坐标转为位移-时间曲线,使获得的定位数据图形化,结合野外行为观察,获得判别指标：繁殖地或度夏地夜间位移-时间曲线的平直度,反映了白头鹤夜栖点的位置变化;根据曲线平直度判断：曲线平直的是雌性,曲线呈锯齿状的是雄性;距离繁殖区较近、曲线变化幅度非常大的是亚成体,在繁殖区域、曲线近乎平直达1个月左右的是成鸟;根据平直曲线长度,确认是否繁殖成功及初始繁殖年龄;4月初至6月末期间的不同跟踪个体的位移-时间曲线重合的,可以认定为配对关系;重合部分的长短,则反映出配对关系的稳定性;巢址的位移-时间曲线间距,反映出巢址的变化。不同年份的巢址间距离,可以展示白头鹤具有很规则的领域回归行为。依据这些指标对跟踪的全部3...     

Characterization of 20 microsatellites developed from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Propithecus deckeni coronatus</Emphasis> with cross-amplification in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Propithecus deckeni deckeni</Emphasis>

The crowned sifaka (Propithecus deckeni coronatus) is found between the Mahavavy the Betsiboka Rivers in either Anjahamena or Antrema Classified Forest. The crowned sifaka is endangered due to the loss and fragmentation of its natural habitat by deforestation. Twenty polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci were isolated from genomic DNA derived from a P. d. coronatus from Anjahamena, Madagascar. Population genetic parameters were estimated on 10 individuals sampled from Anjahamena, Madagascar, to determine marker utility and preliminary baseline values to study the species’ genetic diversity and phylogeography. In a cross-amplification test, each marker in the suite was informative in P. d. deckeni.