Sp100与HIV-1整合酶互作并抑制其介导的病毒整合

Sp100是核颗粒ND10的组成蛋白,在哺乳动物细胞中广泛存在．Sp100参与多种细胞生理病理过程,如转录调控、细胞内抗病毒免疫等．利用酵母双杂交系统,我们发现了Sp100的互作蛋白HIV-1整合酶,免疫共沉淀实验进一步证实了Sp100与 HIV-1整合酶的互作,细胞内荧光共定位实验也证实了二者在细胞内部分共定位．此外,突变体实验表明,Sp100的C端300～480氨基酸和HIV-1的催化结构域是两个蛋白质的互作区域．利用siRNA降低细胞内Sp100的表达量,可以增加HIV-1整合酶介导的病毒的整合,反之,细胞内过表达Sp100则会降低HIV-1整合酶介导的病毒的整合．这是首次发现Sp100可以和HIV-1整合酶发生相互作用,并进而抑制病毒的整合．我们发现了Sp100作为HIV-1整合酶互作蛋白的新功能,并扩展了细胞防御病毒感染的相关研究．     

Spatial summation in the tactile sensory system: Probability summation and neural integration

Psychophysical thresholds for the detection of a 300-Hz burst of vibration applied to the thenar eminence were measured for stimuli applied to the skin through 1.5?cm² and through 0.05?cm² contactors. Thresholds were approximately 13?dB lower when the area of the contactor was 1.5?cm² than when it was 0.05?cm². The difference between the thresholds measured with the large and small contactors was significantly reduced when only the lowest thresholds obtained in the testing sessions were considered. This result supports the hypothesis that one component of spatial summation in the P channel is probability summation. In addition, threshold measurements within a session were less variable when measured with the 1.5?cm² contactor. We conclude that spatial summation in the P channel is a joint function of two processes that occur as the areal extent of the stimulus increases: probability summation in which the probability of exceeding the psychophysical detection threshold increases as the number of receptors of varying sensitivities increases, and neural integration in which neural activity originating from separate receptors is combined within the central nervous system rendering the channel more sensitive to the stimulus.     

城-镇-乡人口教育差距的演变及影响机制

在城乡一体化的过程中,以平均受教育水平测量的城乡人口教育差距,并没有出现库兹涅茨倒U型发展,乡村、县镇与城市之间的差距都在不断扩大。对近20年间差距演变的过程进行分析表明,乡村和县镇人口平均受教育水平的增长速度始终低于城市,尤其是县镇区域几乎没有增长。通过对主要影响因素及作用机制的理论分析和实证检验,研究发现,经济发展水平的提高并没有促使已经存在的差距自然消弥,城乡两个被分割的群体通过显性渠道与隐性渠道不断地文化教育再生产是差距存在和扩大的社会基础;高中阶段教育投入的增加更多是促进了城镇人口受教育水平的提高,初中阶段教育投入城乡差距的扩大直接导致人口受教育程度差距的扩大,而小学阶段教育投入城乡差距没有显示出统计上显著的影响;非户籍人口流动造成城乡人口结构的异质化,并进而扩大城乡常住人口受教育程度的差距;户籍人口迁入对城市和县镇人口受教育程度都有提升作用,迁出在抵消迁入的提升作用后,仍然导致城市与县镇之间教育差距的扩大。     

Integration: An Effective Strategy to Develop Multifunctional Energy Storage Devices

Energy storage devices are arousing increasing interest due to their key role in next‐generation electronics. Integration is widely explored as a general and effective strategy aiming at high performances. Recent progress in integrating a variety of functions into electrochemical energy storage devices is carefully described. Through integration at the level of materials: flexible, stretchable, responsive, and self‐healing devices are discussed to highlight the state‐of‐the‐art multi‐functional electronics. Through the integration at the level of devices, the incorporation of photovoltaic and piezoelectric devices is detailed to reflect the advances in self‐powering electronics. Integrated energy storage devices are presented for wearable applications to indicate a new growth direction. The main challenges and important directions are summarized to offer some useful clues for future development.     

Identifying and retargeting transcriptional hot spots in the human genome

Mammalian cell line development requires streamlined methodologies that will reduce both the cost and time to identify candidate cell lines. Improvements in site‐specific genomic editing techniques can result in flexible, predictable, and robust cell line engineering. However, an outstanding question in the field is the specific site of integration. Here, we seek to identify productive loci within the human genome that will result in stable, high expression of heterologous DNA. Using an unbiased, random integration approach and a green fluorescent reporter construct, we identify ten single‐integrant, recombinant human cell lines that exhibit stable, high‐level expression. From these cell lines, eight unique corresponding integration loci were identified. These loci are concentrated in non‐protein coding regions or intronic regions of protein coding genes. Expression mapping of the surrounding genes reveals minimal disruption of endogenous gene expression. Finally, we demonstrate that targeted de novo integration at one of the identified loci, the 12^th exon‐intron region of the GRIK1 gene on chromosome 21, results in superior expression and stability compared to the standard, illegitimate integration approach at levels approaching 4‐fold. The information identified here along with recent advances in site‐specific genomic editing techniques can lead to expedited cell line development.     

Coping with potential bi‐parental inbreeding: limited pollen and seed dispersal and large genets in the dioecious marine angiosperm Thalassia testudinum

The high prevalence of dioecy in marine angiosperms or seagrasses (>50% of all species) is thought to enforce cross‐fertilization. However, seagrasses are clonal plants, and they may still be subject to sibling‐mating or bi‐parental inbreeding if the genetic neighborhood is smaller than the size of the genets. We tested this by determining the genetic neighborhoods of the dioecious seagrass Thalassia testudinum at two sites (Back‐Reef and Mid‐Lagoon) in Puerto Morelos Reef Lagoon, Mexico, by measuring dispersal of pollen and seeds in situ, and by fine‐scale spatial autocorrelation analysis with eight polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers. Prevalence of inbreeding was verified by estimating pairwise kinship coefficients; and by analysing the genotypes of seedlings grown from seeds in mesocosms. Average dispersal of pollen was 0.3–1.6 m (max. 4.8 m) and of seeds was 0.3–0.4 m (max. 1.8 m), resulting in a neighborhood area of 7.4 m² (range 3.4–11.4 m²) at Back‐Reef and 1.9 (range 1.87–1.92 m²) at Mid‐Lagoon. Neighborhood area (Na) derived from spatial autocorrelation was 0.1–20.5 m² at Back‐Reef and 0.1–16.9 m² at Mid‐Lagoon. Maximal extensions of the genets, in 19 × 30 m plots, were 19.2 m (median 7.5 m) and 10.8 m (median 4.8 m) at Back‐Reef and Mid‐Lagoon. There was no indication of deficit or excess of heterozygotes nor were coefficients of inbreeding (F_IS) significant. The seedlings did not show statistically significant deficit of heterozygotes (except for 1 locus at Back‐Reef). Contrary to our expectations, we did not find evidence of bi‐parental inbreeding in this dioecious seagrass with large genets but small genetic neighborhoods. Proposed mechanisms to avoid bi‐parental inbreeding are possible selection against homozygotes during fecundation or ovule development. Additionally, the genets grew highly dispersed (aggregation index Ac was 0.09 and 0.10 for Back‐Reef and Mid‐Lagoon, respectively); such highly dispersed guerrilla‐like clonal growth form likely increases the probability of crossing between different potentially unrelated genets.