池养长江蟹、辽河蟹生长性能及其遗传-环境交互作用分析

在江苏省高淳县和安徽省绩溪县两地同时进行中华绒螯蟹长江种群和辽河种群二龄成蟹生长比较试验。①在同一饲养环境里 ,4— 9月 ,两种群间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 )。②长江蟹比辽河蟹生长期长一个月 ,长江蟹 1 0月底出池 ,故其商品蟹体重大于 9月底出池时辽河蟹体重 (P <0 0 5 )。③长江蟹成活率高于辽河蟹 (P <0 0 1 )。④两种群的雄性个体都大于雌性个体 (P <0 0 1 ) ;但雌、雄差异明显增大的时间是 ,辽河蟹始于 7、8月份 ,长江蟹始于 8、9月份。⑤在绩溪山区池塘低温和饵料贫乏的生态环境中 ,两种群的生长、成活率都比在高淳平原池塘的较好生态环境下低 (P <0 0 1 )。种群与环境、性别与环境的交互作用都极显著 (P <0 0 1 )。在优良环境中 ,长江种群的生长优势和两种群内雄性的生长优势才能得到发挥     

Temporal variation in the drift of plant litter and propagules in a small boreal river

SUMMARY 1. Rivers are linear ecosystems across landscapes with an effective transport of organisms, sediment and organic matter. Dispersal is studied mostly during single events and for single species, and there is little knowledge on how the drift of plant litter and propagules varies within and between years for entire communities.
2. We used floating traps for collecting waterborne plant litter and propagules in a small boreal river over 2 years. We installed the traps at four different locations along the river, and emptied them at least once a week during the ice-free season. We analysed propagule content by sorting and identifying species and through germination tests on bare soil.
3. In total, we recorded at least 54 taxa in the samples, and the highest density recorded in one sample was 5000 propagules per 100 g litter (dry weight). Large temporal variations in litter and propagule transport were revealed, both within and between years.
4. The longitudinal pattern was consistent between years, with an increasing mass of litter and number of propagule taxa downstream. The results highlight the importance of the temporal and longitudinal dimensions in river management.     

Is water temperature an adequate predictor of recruitment success in cyprinid fish populations in lowland rivers?

SUMMARY 1. Higher than average ambient water temperature in the first year of life may be responsible for strong cohorts of adult cyprinid fish. Whilst temperature explains much of the variation in year‐class strength (YCS), however, it is not the only influential factor as high temperature does not inevitably yield strong year‐classes. Furthermore, years in which a strong year‐class is prevalent in one species do not necessarily result in strong year‐classes in other coexisting species, suggesting other biotic and abiotic factors are important in regulating recruitment success. 2. The relationships between water temperature, river discharge, the position of the Gulf Stream, 0‐group fish growth and recruitment success (YCS) were examined in three cyprinid fish species in an English lowland river, using a 15‐year data set. 3. Mean length of 0‐group fish at the end of the summer was positively correlated with water temperature (cumulative degree‐days >12 °C) and negatively correlated with river discharge (cumulative discharge‐days above basal discharge rate). Water temperature was negatively correlated with river discharge. 4. YCS was positively correlated with mean 0‐group fish length at the end of the summer and with the position of the North Wall of the Gulf Stream. 5. ’Critical periods’ (i.e. periods in the first summer of life when fish may be more susceptible to increases in river discharge) were difficult to discern because of interannual variations in river discharge relative to the timing of fish hatching. YCS of roach and chub was most strongly correlated with discharge in the period from June to September inclusive, while YCS of dace was most significantly correlated with discharge in August. 6. River discharge (rather than water temperature) may be the key factor in determining YCS, either directly (through discharge‐induced mortality) or indirectly (via reduced growth at lower water temperatures, discharge‐associated increases in energy expenditure or reduced food availability). It could be that, in effect, water temperature determines potential YCS while discharge determines realised YCS.     

Foraging Behavior and Activity Patterns of Alouatta caraya in the Northeastern Argentinean Flooded Forest

Howling monkeys (Alouatta spp.) are colonizer species, showing a plasticity in behavior that allows them to inhabit different sorts of forests. There is a series of hypotheses relating demography to behavioral and ecological characteristics of howlers: (1) as howler density increases, home range size will decrease; (2) howler groups occupying small home ranges will have a high proportion of leaves in their diet; and, (3) the proportion of mature leaves in the diet is negatively correlated with group daily travel distance. To test hypotheses about howler diet and ranging pattern in relation to food resources, we studied the foraging ecology and general activity patterns of 2 groups of black howlers (Alouatta caraya) inhabiting in flooded forest of Paraná River (Argentina), the habitat with the highest density recorded for Alouatta. We found, in addition to the highest densities, also the smallest home ranges for Alouatta (Group I: 1.7 ha and Group II: 2.2 ha). However, diet was not dominated by leaves, and high quality items—flowers, fruits, new leaves—were a high proportion of the diet all year. Also, daily travel distance is not correlated with the proportion of mature leaves in the diet, but is positively correlated with the number of group confrontations. Finally, we propose a model integrating and interpreting our results as a function of the spatial and temporal distribution of high quality food resources in the Argentinean flooded forest.     

Opheliidae (Polychaeta) from the Southwestern Atlantic ocean, with the description of Travisia amadoi n. sp., Ophelina gaucha n. sp. and Ophelina alata n. sp.

The diet of the brackish water tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron is studied in various riverine and lacustrine systems of the Bia River basin (Côte d'Ivoire). Comparison of the diet between sampling sites (upper course, lower course and man-made Lake Ayame) shows significant differences. In the man-made lake, prey described as preferential include Asterionella (Bacillariophyceae) and Bosmina(Cladocera). In the lower course, the preferential preys are represented by Lyngbya(Cyanophyceae) while in the upper course Lyngbya and chironomid larvae are preferential. These differences are related to the altered environmental conditions generated by the construction of the dam on the Bia river main stream. In the man-made lake, there is no shift in diet either with the seasons (dry and rainy seasons) or with size.     

黄河中游河漫滩(禹渡口-桃花峪)种子植物资源

黄河中游河漫滩有种子植物84科、358属、818种,根据用途资源植物种类有56科270种,可划分为有6类、25亚类.其中含种数较多的依次为:纤维植物类、饲用植物类、药用植物类、抗污染植物类、指示植物类、水土保持植物类.文章分析了该区域的主要资源植物特点,并对资源植物的开发利用和保护提出了建议.     

大鲵栖息地环境的初步研究

2001年4月至8月,对湖南省壶瓶山自然保护区河流中大鲵(Andrias davidianus)的栖息洞穴,首次使用量化指标进行分析。通过主成分分析发现,大鲵栖息洞穴处的水深、洞口宽、水流速度和河底的组成是影响大鲵选择洞穴的主要因子,而海拔高度和洞口高的影响不大。同时,对重庆市酉阳县、陕西省太白县、河南省卢氏县大鲵自然保护区和新安县青要山大鲵自然保护区大鲵的栖息河流特征进行了调查。结果表明大鲵的栖息河流类型可分为溪流、U型河流、平底型河流和暗河4类,而且大鲵对其栖息洞穴的质量要求较高。     

Phytoplankton growth in the Ohio, Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, USA: inter-site differences in light and nutrient limitation

Seasonal patterns in resource limitation of phytoplankton growth were assessed monthly within three large rivers with differing extents of water regulation. The Ohio River is regulated by low dams that do not substantially modify discharge, while the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers are impounded by a series of high dams to enhance water storage for downstream flood control. Laboratory dilution assays with light and nutrient manipulations indicated that light was the main factor limiting phytoplankton growth at irradiances below 7 E m^–2 d^–1. Light limited growth was frequent in the turbid, higher discharge of the Ohio River, but was rare in the heavily regulated Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. When irradiance exceeded 7 E m^–2 d^–1, phytoplankton were either P-limited (Cumberland River), co-limited by P and N (Tennessee River), or Si limited (Ohio River). Site-specific differences in nutrient limitation were consistent with differences in ambient nutrient levels, with the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers characterized by lower N and P concentrations, and the Ohio River by lower Si. Downstream nutrient depletion was evident in the Ohio River through comparison of an upstream and a downstream site, with nutrient limitation (Si) occurring more frequently downstream. Phytoplankton growth rates at ambient light and nutrient levels ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 d^–1 in the Ohio River and 0.2 to 0.6 d^–1 in the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. Growth rates were greatest at the onset of the summer base pool, as light intensities increased and nutrient levels were maximal. Our findings indicate that multiple factors regulate phytoplankton growth in regulated rivers and that spatial complexity may arise from differences in discharge and water aging.     

DOES FISH ECOLOGY PREDICT DISPERSAL ACROSS A RIVER DRAINAGE DIVIDE?

Obligate freshwater taxa are frequently distributed among catchments isolated by marine and terrestrial barriers. Such distributions can arise through vicariant changes in drainage geometry, or dispersal via intermittent freshwater connections. We employed two adjacent rivers in southern New Zealand to test for interdrainage dispersal while controlling for historical drainage geometry, and analyzed four ecologically distinct freshwater-limited fish taxa to assess any relationship with habitat preference. Individuals from the Mararoa and Oreti catchments (n >100 per species) were sequenced for a minimum of 1297 bp of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and control region). Phylogeographic relationships were consistent with ecological expectations of interdrainage dispersal capability, with the two obligate riverine taxa each exhibiting reciprocal monophyly between catchments, whereas the two facultative swamp dwellers revealed paraphyletic relationships, one of which shared a haplotype between catchments. Statistical phylogeography, accommodating taxon-specific mutation rates and the known age of the last major riverine connection between these catchments, rejected complete isolation of populations for one of the swamp dwellers. Therefore, dispersal across a young (145-240 kyr) drainage divide is inferred for one species, and can be predicted to some extent by species ecology. Moreover, our study highlights the importance of historical drainage geometry when assessing the causes of contemporary genetic structuring in freshwater taxa.