Macrozoobenthic community of Poyang Lake,the largest freshwater lake of China,in the Yangtze floodplain

Poyang Lake (Poyang Hu) is located at the junction of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze (Changjiang) River, covering an area of 3283 km². As one of the few lakes that are still freely connected with the river, it plays an important role in the maintenance of the unique biota of the Yangtze floodplain ecosystem. To promote the conservation of Poyang Lake, an investigation of the macrobenthos in the lake itself and adjoining Yangtze mainstream was conducted in 1997–1999. Altogether 58 benthic taxa, including 22 annelids, 8 mollusks, 26 arthropods, and 2 miscellaneous animals, were identified from quantitative samples. The benthic fauna shows a high diversity and a marine affinity. The standing crops of benthos in the lake were much higher than those in the river, being 659 individuals/m² and 187.3 g/m² (wet mass) in the main lake, and 549 individuals/m² and 116.6 g/m² in the lake outlet, but only 129 individuals/m² and 0.4 g/m² in the river. The dominant group in the lake was Mollusca, comprising 63.4% of the total in density and 99.5% in biomass. An analysis of the functional feeding structure indicated that collector-filterers and scrapers were predominant in the lake, up to 42.2% and 24.7% in density and 70.2% and 29.2% in biomass, respectively, while shredders and collector-gatherers were relatively common in the river. The present study was restricted to the northern outlet and the northeast part of Poyang Lake. A scrutiny is required for the remaining areas.     

西北内陆盐湖盆地土壤重金属Cr、Hg、As空间分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

选取位于西北内陆的吉兰泰盐湖盆地为研究对象,按照表层(0—10 cm)、50 cm层(50—60 cm)和100 cm层(100—110 cm)分层土壤取样,系统采集了120个样品,测定了重金属Cr、Hg和As,以及主要化学成分的含量,以地统计学插值绘图揭示了吉兰泰盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的空间分布特征,以单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价解析了盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的污染及生态风险状况,以统计相关检验和主成分分析法进行了盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的源分析。结果表明:1)盐湖盆地土壤中Cr、Hg、As总体具有相似的空间分布特征,Cr在西北部的巴音乌拉山、乌兰布和沙漠地区和西南台地地区的含量较高,Hg仅在西南低山台地地区、以及东北局部区域的含量较高,As在盐湖附近、东南贺兰山、巴音乌拉山西北部和乌兰布和沙漠地区含量较高;2)基于内蒙古土壤质量背景值,土壤污染分布次序为AsHgCr,其中Hg和As中度污染以上累计比重达到为45%,而Cr仅有7.5%的轻微污染;研究区无清洁土壤,仅有尚清洁土壤占2.5%,开始受到污染和中度污染以上土壤比重为50%和42.5%;土壤潜在风险次序为HgAsCr,Hg整体处于很强生态风险水平;轻微生态风险占到40%,由中度、强度到极强在20%以内,很强生态风险程度略超20%,大部地区处于轻微生态风险状况;3)基于国家土壤环境质量二级标准值,土壤中Cr、Hg、As无论是单因子污染、综合污染,还是潜在生态风险指数均未出现超标区域,不存在Cr、Hg、As污染或潜在生态风险,但相对内蒙古整个地区来说,盐湖盆地Cr、Hg、As含量较高;4)研究区土壤中Cr主要来源于土壤母质形成过程中的自然来源,Hg和As主要来源于工业排放、交通污染源等人类活动,均受到人类活动和自然环境变化的综合影响。     

城市湖泊湿地温湿效应——以武汉市为例

选择武汉城市三环内主城区14块湖泊湿地为研究对象,采用小尺度定量测定的方法,研究城市湖泊湿地与温湿效应间的关系。结果表明:(1)城市湿地温度值与面积指数、距离指数呈显著负相关,与景观形状指数呈显著正相关(P0.05);湿度值与面积指数、距离指数、环境类型指数呈显著正相关,与景观形状指数呈显著负相关(P0.05)。其中面积指数的贡献值最大。(2)14块湖泊湿地的降温增湿效应排序为湖泊11—14湖泊6—10湖泊1—5。当湖泊湿地面积为9.2—12.2 hm2时,其降温增湿效应明显;当湖泊湿地面积为308.4hm2左右时,降温效应显著且趋于稳定,湖泊湿地面积为67.6hm2左右时,增湿效应显著且趋于稳定(P0.05)。当湖泊湿地面积达到临界值之后,多斑块离散型(Dispersive)湖泊湿地布局对整个城市环境的降温增湿效应更为显著。     

近十年太湖生态系统服务功能价值变化评估

理解和把握近年来湖泊生态系统服务功能退化规律的最佳手段是评估其生态系统服务功能价值的变化。以太湖为例,基于近十年来太湖生态系统的科学调查数据,综合运用生态学及经济学方法,对太湖生态系统的四大类功能和11个亚类的服务价值进行了综合评估。研究结果表明,2000年、2003年、2007年和2009年太湖生态系统服务总价值分别为1627.98亿元、1908.68亿元、1503.99亿元和3528.73亿元,保持逐渐升高的趋势,但是在2007年却意外降低。从2000年到2009年太湖生态系统服务功能价值构成发生了一些变化,2000年以供水功能为主体,约占总价值的43%,2003年和2007年变为以航运功能为主体,分别占总价值的41.31%和38.73%,而2009年又变为以旅游功能为主体,约占总价值的52.52%,总体上由供给功能向文化功能转变。航运功能和旅游功能急剧上升而供水功能急剧下降不利于长远发挥的太湖生态服务功能。蓝藻水华的发生可能降低太湖供给功能、支持服务功能和文化服务功能,进而对太湖生态服务的总价值产生负面影响。研究认为太湖生态系统对支持和保护人类社会具有重要的作用,为管理者和决策者有效的保护和管理湖泊生态系统提供了重要的信息。     

Climate and landscape influence on indicators of lake carbon cycling through spatial patterns in dissolved organic carbon

Freshwater ecosystems are strongly influenced by both climate and the surrounding landscape, yet the specific pathways connecting climatic and landscape drivers to the functioning of lake ecosystems are poorly understood. Here, we hypothesize that the links that exist between spatial patterns in climate and landscape properties and the spatial variation in lake carbon (C) cycling at regional scales are at least partly mediated by the movement of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the aquatic component of the landscape. We assembled a set of indicators of lake C cycling (bacterial respiration and production, chlorophyll a, production to respiration ratio, and partial pressure of CO₂), DOC concentration and composition, and landscape and climate characteristics for 239 temperate and boreal lakes spanning large environmental and geographic gradients across seven regions. There were various degrees of spatial structure in climate and landscape features that were coherent with the regionally structured patterns observed in lake DOC and indicators of C cycling. These different regions aligned well, albeit nonlinearly along a mean annual temperature gradient; whereas there was a considerable statistical effect of climate and landscape properties on lake C cycling, the direct effect was small and the overall effect was almost entirely overlapping with that of DOC concentration and composition. Our results suggest that key climatic and landscape signals are conveyed to lakes in part via the movement of terrestrial DOC to lakes and that DOC acts both as a driver of lake C cycling and as a proxy for other external signals.     

Integrated assessment of ecological status and misclassification of lakes: The role of uncertainty and index combination rules

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that the ecological status of waterbodies is assessed using multiple biological quality elements (BQEs) that are combined into a single status class. The recommended combination rule (the “one-out, all-out” rule; OOAO) has been criticised for being unreasonably conservative and for being sensitive to uncertainty. In this study, the objective was to compare the sensitivity to uncertainty of four different combination rules: (1) OOAO, (2) OOAO with exclusion of one element, (3) average and (4) weighted average. Index values for 5 BQEs (phytoplankton, phytobenthos, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish) sampled from 10 lakes in the Wel River catchment in Poland were used to classify the lakes according to the OOAO and the three alternative combination rules. Based on the mean and (where possible) standard deviation of these index values, we modelled the risk of misclassification by simulating 10,000 resamples for each BQEs in each lake, classifying each resample and calculating the proportion of misclassified resamples under each combination rule. For individual BQEs, the risk of misclassification increased both with higher uncertainty (standard deviation) and with the proximity of the index value to a class boundary. Under the OOAO rule, the risk of misclassification was more biased towards worse status (“underclassification”) than towards better status. Furthermore, risk of underclassification was more affected by uncertainty under the OOAO rule compared with the alternative combination rules. This analysis has demonstrated the weaknesses associated with the OOAO rule for integration of BQEs for lake classification. However, the alternative combination rules are associated with other shortcomings, such as the need for subjective judgement, and involve a higher risk of not protecting the most sensitive BQE and thus the whole ecosystem. We recommend that future versions of instructions for WFD implementation consider alternatives to the OOAO combination rule, and provide guidelines for weighting of individual BQEs.     

Harnessing the potential of the multi‐indicator palaeoecological approach: an assessment of the nature and causes of ecological change in a eutrophic shallow lake

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Factors influencing nitrogen processing in lakes: an experimental approach

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Influence of sex and habitat on the size and shape of anal and dorsal fins of the blackstripe topminnow Fundulus notatus

The size and shape of the anal and dorsal fin in the blackstripe topminnow Fundulus notatus from lake and stream habitats across multiple ages and sexes were examined. Differences in the size and shape of anal and dorsal fins were sex‐specific and not related to habitat differences. Males have longer and more pointed anal fins and longer, larger and more pointed dorsal fins than females. These sex differences occur predominantly in the older age class. The angle (i.e. pointedness) of the dorsal and anal fins is tightly correlated suggesting that fins follow a similar growth trajectory as individuals become sexually mature.     

Winter in water: differential responses and the maintenance of biodiversity

The ecological consequences of winter in freshwater systems are an understudied but rapidly emerging research area. Here, we argue that winter periods of reduced temperature and light (and potentially oxygen and resources) could play an underappreciated role in mediating the coexistence of species. This may be especially true for temperate and subarctic lakes, where seasonal changes in the thermal environment might fundamentally structure species interactions. With climate change already shortening ice‐covered periods on temperate and polar lakes, consideration of how winter conditions shape biotic interactions is urgently needed. Using freshwater fishes in northern temperate lakes as a case study, we demonstrate how physiological trait differences (e.g. thermal preference, light sensitivity) drive differential behavioural responses to winter among competing species. Specifically, some species have a higher capacity for winter activity than others. Existing and new theory is presented to argue that such differential responses to winter can promote species coexistence. Importantly, if winter is a driver of niche differences that weaken competition between, relative to within species, then shrinking winter periods could threaten coexistence by tipping the scales in favour of certain sets of species over others.