土壤食细菌线虫对拟南芥根系生长的影响及机理

通过设置两种孔径(1 mm和5μm)的网袋(25cm×25 cm),采用于土样中添加猪粪的处理,获得有大量食细菌线虫富集(SM1)的,和有少量食细菌线虫富集(SM5)的供试土壤(两者养分状况相近),以研究食细菌线虫对拟南芥根系生长的影响.结果表明,在种植拟南芥15d后,与有少量线虫富集的PSM5处理相比,有大量线虫富集的PSM1处理拟南芥根系显著增长,根的表面积显著增大,根尖数显著增多.PSM1处理在显著增加土壤中NH4+-N的同时,还使土壤中植物激素(GA3和IAA)的含量显著增高.此外,土壤微生物群落对单一碳源的利用能力(Biolog)的差异,表明存在大量食细菌线虫的土壤,微生物群落结构组成发生了变化.此结果说明,土壤食细菌线虫对根系生长影响的效应,除了养分效应外,还存在激素效应,与食细菌原生动物和植物根系生长之间的相互作用的机制相似.     

Changes in the potential functional diversity of the bacterial community in biofilters

The bacterial community structure in a biofilter treating ethanol was investigated using community level physiological profiling. Laboratory scale biofilters of two sizes (5 or 11.5 cm internal diameter with 30 or 67 cm packed height, respectively) were packed with compost and a humidified airstream loaded with ethanol passed through them. Good removal efficiencies (82–100%) and elimination capacities (49–205 g ethanol m^− 3 h^− 1) were observed in all units. Compost packing media samples were extracted and the community level physiological profiles assayed using Biolog Ecoplates. The community structure was found to be similar over a range of a few centimetres. No differences were observed between sample sizes of 0.5–1 and 6 g, and therefore, the smaller sample size (typical of that used in previous studies) is appropriate for use in the future. Two studies of parallel systems showed that the community structure diverged during the acclimation period (10 days) in one pair, but in another pair, no divergence was observed and a similar shift in community profile was observed in both units between 25 and 40 days of operation. Community level physiological profiling with Biolog Ecoplates is a useful method for detecting differences between and changes within the bacterial communities in biofilters.     

金沙土遗址土壤细菌群落结构和推测的代谢特征

【背景】金沙土遗址被认为是3 200年前商周时期大型祭祀场所,具有重要的古文化和历史意义,目前金沙土遗址在物理、化学、生物等因素的影响下已出现不同程度的劣化,物理、化学因素的影响已有报道,而生物因素尚鲜有关注。【目的】研究金沙土遗址中微生物群落结构组成,解析微生物菌群活性及代谢特征,为金沙土遗址的科学保护提供依据。【方法】根据遗址目前的保存状况,从金沙土遗址采集具有代表性的土壤样品,所采区域样品的劣化程度依次为J4J3J2J1,应用Biolog平板法与PCR-DGGE技术对各样品中的微生物群落结构组成和代谢功能多样性进行研究。【结果】Biolog结果显示,随着金沙土遗址的劣化,各土壤样品中的微生物功能多样性存在较大差异,各样品的微生物群落代谢活性依次为:J2J3J4J1,表明随着土壤的劣化,微生物的代谢活性表现出增大的趋势。主成分分析结果反映出4个样品中的微生物碳代谢方式具有显著的变化,样品J2中的细菌群落对底物碳源利用种类最多,且偏好的碳源类型与其它样品存在明显的不同。PCR-DGGE图谱显示,金沙土遗址不同土壤样品中的细菌多样性和种群组成存在明显差异,在DNA和RNA水平上,各样品的微生物组成多样性依次为:J2J4J3J1。主成分分析结果显示,除了样品J1,劣化样品的细菌群落结构和活性细菌群落结构具有较高的一致性,表明随着金沙土遗址的劣化,土壤中微生物多样性呈现出上升趋势。DGGE图谱主要条带的测序结果表明,样品中主要的细菌类群归属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus),分属于7个属,在DNA和RNA水平上均能检测到红色杆菌属(Rubrobacter)和短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)。【结论】首次对金沙土遗址的细菌群落结构组成和功能进行分析,结果表明随着金沙土遗址劣化程度的增加,土壤微生物类群及功能多样性都随之增大,其中仅在劣化土壤样品中检出或者具有高表达活性的红色杆菌属、Tellurimicrobium、短状杆菌属细菌可能参与了土壤劣化过程,这为今后土遗址的科学保护提供了理论依据。     

Effects of local negative feedbacks on the evolution of species within metacommunities

Local negative feedbacks occur when the occupation of a site by a species decreases the subsequent fitness of related individuals compared to potential competitors. Such negative feedbacks can enhance diversity by changing the spatial structure of the environment. The conditions, however, involve dispersive, environmental and evolutionary processes in complex interactive ways. We introduce a model that accounts for four mechanisms: colonisation‐competition‐extinction ecological dynamics, evolutionary dynamics, local negative feedbacks and environmental averaging. Three qualitatively distinct dynamics are possible, one dominated by specialists, another dominated by generalists and an intermediate situation exhibiting taxon cycles. We discuss how metacommunity diversity, macro‐ecological patterns and environmental patterning are linked to the three qualitative dynamics. The model provides classical shapes for morph‐abundance distributions, or diversity‐area relationships. Diversity can be high when specialists dominate or when taxon cycles happen. Finally, local negative feedbacks often yield fine‐grain environments for taxon cycle dynamics and coarse‐grain environments when generalists dominate.     

Sororin is a master regulator of sister chromatid cohesion and separation

The maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion from S phase to the onset of anaphase relies on a small but evolutionarily conserved protein called Sororin. Sororin is a phosphoprotein and its dynamic localization and function are regulated by protein kinases, such as Cdk1/cyclin B and Erk2. The association of Sororin with chromatin requires cohesin to be preloaded to chromatin and modification of Smc3 during DNA replication. Sororin antagonizes the function of Wapl in cohesin releasing from S to G₂ phase and promotes cohesin release from sister chromatid arms in prophase via interaction with Plk1. This review focuses on progress of the identification and regulation of Sororin during cell cycle; role of post-translational modification on Sororin function; role of Sororin in the maintenance and resolution of sister chromatid cohesion; and finally discusses Sororin’s emerging role in cancer and the potential issues that need be addressed in the future.     

铜川煤矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物群落代谢和酶活性的影响

研究了陕西省铜川煤矿矿区的重金属污染状况以及不同程度的重金属污染对土壤微生物代谢、微生物群落功能以及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明： 铜川矿区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb全量及有效量均显著高于非矿区土壤,其中Cd污染最为严重.采用Biolog方法结合主成分分析和聚类分析发现,随着污染程度的增加,不同土壤微生物群落间的代谢特征发生显著变化,而且这种变化主要体现在糖类和氨基酸类碳源的利用差异.在轻度、中度污染情况下,土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用表现出激活效应;而在重度污染的情况下,土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用表现出抑制效应.随着污染程度的增加,脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性均呈现降低的趋势,矿区土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别是非矿区土壤中相应酶活性的50.5%～65.1%、19.1%～57.1%、87.2%～97.5%、77.3%～86.0%;蔗糖酶和纤维素酶在中等污染程度以下的土壤中表现为激活效应,而在重度污染的土壤中表现为抑制效应.     

不同施肥处理下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤微生物活性及功能多样性

利用土壤酶学方法、微生物培养方法及Biolog微生物自动分析系统,分析了不同施肥处理下塑料大棚种植黄瓜与番茄的土壤中微生物活性及功能多样性.结果表明,与传统施肥相比,配方施肥下塑料大棚黄瓜土壤脱氢酶活性提高了36.5%,番茄土壤脱氢酶活性则提高了66.5%,且达到了显著水平.配方施肥下塑料大棚黄瓜与番茄土壤可培养放线菌数量分别比传统施肥处理增加了30.0%和72.2%,且都达到了显著水平.Biolog结果显示,在土壤微生物培养过程中,配方施肥下塑料大棚番茄土壤微生物群落AWCD始终大于无肥处理及传统施肥处理.与传统施肥相比,配方施肥下塑料大棚黄瓜土壤微生物培养96 h的AWCD增加了1.9%,番茄土壤微生物培养96h的AWCD则增加了68.5%,且达到了显著水平.配方施肥下塑料大棚番茄土壤微生物Shannon指数、Simpson指数及McIntosh指数都大于传统施肥处理,并且McIntosh指数达到了显著水平.PCA分析表明,配方施肥下蔬菜塑料大棚土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力与传统施肥处理明显不同.     

石油污染地土壤微生物群落的碳源利用特性

应用Biolog微平板技术,研究了大庆油田开采36年的石油污染土壤不同土层（0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm）土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用特性.结果表明: 石油污染明显提高了土壤微生物群落的代谢活性,3个土层的微生物代谢强度均高于无污染土壤（CK）,不同土层之间的微生物代谢强度存在显著差异,其中20～30 cm土层的碳源代谢能力最强,其次为10～20 cm土层,0～10 cm土层最弱.石油污染使10～20 cm和20～30 cm土层土壤微生物群落对底物碳源利用种类增多,代谢功能的多样性增强,而0～10 cm土层则无明显变化.10～20 cm土层土壤微生物对底物碳源的利用由对照土壤的羧酸类居多转为石油污染土壤的碳水化合物最多,而20～30 cm土层土壤微生物对底物碳源的利用以羧酸类居多.说明石油污染土壤的微生物群落具有独特的群落结构和特点.     

中华卷柏在恢复过去环境研究中的生态指示意义

通过研究我国蕨类植物特有种中华卷柏在现代植被中的分布及其化包子在地层剖面中的时空分布规律,并阐明了中华卷柏在现代植被分布域具有连续分布的特征。在生境上,其基本生活在具有石灰质成土母质的土壤上,多生长在山坡阴处岩石上、山顶岩石上,向阳山坡石缝中,山坡灌丛下等,是一种土壤生态类型植物。在热量和水分因子上,中华卷柏生长在温度适中的黄;多在较为湿润的地方生长。数值分析进一步表明中华卷柏的空间分布主要受年平     

我国热带地区胶-茶-鸡农林复合系统能流分析

以海南省文昌市典型的胶茶鸡农林复合系统模式为研究对象,分析了我国热带地区单作胶园、胶茶间作园及养鸡胶园的能流路径、能量输入、输出结构及能流转化效率。结果表明,单作、间作及养鸡胶园的光能利用率逐渐提高,其能量产投比为1.50、1.88、0.20;有机能投入比为0.138、0.119、0.977,养鸡胶园最高;无机能投入比分别为0.862、0.881、0.023;养鸡胶园中人工辅助能投入比相对减少,其产出能最大.