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31.
Jianmin Meng Egil Lien Douglas T. Golenbock 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(12):8695-8702
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates innate immune responses through TLR4·MD-2. LPS binds to the MD-2 hydrophobic pocket and bridges the dimerization of two TLR4·MD-2 complexes to activate intracellular signaling. However, exactly how lipid A, the endotoxic moiety of LPS, activates myeloid lineage cells remains unknown. Lipid IVA, a tetra-acylated lipid A precursor, has been used widely as a model for lipid A activation. For unknown reasons, lipid IVA activates proinflammatory responses in rodent cells but inhibits the activity of LPS in human cells. Using stable TLR4-expressing cell lines and purified monomeric MD-2, as well as MD-2-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages, we found that both mouse TLR4 and mouse MD-2 are required for lipid IVA activation. Computational studies suggested that unique ionic interactions exist between lipid IVA and TLR4 at the dimerization interface in the mouse complex only. The negatively charged 4′-phosphate on lipid IVA interacts with two positively charged residues on the opposing mouse, but not human, TLR4 (Lys367 and Arg434) at the dimerization interface. When replaced with their negatively charged human counterparts Glu369 and Gln436, mouse TLR4 was no longer responsive to lipid IVA. In contrast, human TLR4 gained lipid IVA responsiveness when ionic interactions were enabled by charge reversal at the dimerization interface, defining the basis of lipid IVA species specificity. Thus, using lipid IVA as a selective lipid A agonist, we successfully decoupled and coupled two sequential events required for intracellular signaling: receptor engagement and dimerization, underscoring the functional role of ionic interactions in receptor activation. 相似文献
32.
Ivan Birukou Rachel L. Schweers John S. Olson 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(12):8840-8854
The role of the distal histidine in regulating ligand binding to adult human hemoglobin (HbA) was re-examined systematically by preparing His(E7) to Gly, Ala, Leu, Gln, Phe, and Trp mutants of both Hb subunits. Rate constants for O2, CO, and NO binding were measured using rapid mixing and laser photolysis experiments designed to minimize autoxidation of the unstable apolar E7 mutants. Replacing His(E7) with Gly, Ala, Leu, or Phe causes 20–500-fold increases in the rates of O2 dissociation from either Hb subunit, demonstrating unambiguously that the native His(E7) imidazole side chain forms a strong hydrogen bond with bound O2 in both the α and β chains (ΔGHis(E7)H-bond ≈ −8 kJ/mol). As the size of the E7 amino acid is increased from Gly to Phe, decreases in kO2′, kNO′, and calculated bimolecular rates of CO entry (kentry′) are observed. Replacing His(E7) with Trp causes further decreases in kO2′, kNO′, and kentry′ to 1–2 μm−1 s−1 in β subunits, whereas ligand rebinding to αTrp(E7) subunits after photolysis is markedly biphasic, with fast kO2′, kCO′, and kNO′ values ≈150 μm−1 s−1 and slow rate constants ≈0.1 to 1 μm−1 s−1. Rapid bimolecular rebinding to an open α subunit conformation occurs immediately after photolysis of the αTrp(E7) mutant at high ligand concentrations. However, at equilibrium the closed αTrp(E7) side chain inhibits the rate of ligand binding >200-fold. These data suggest strongly that the E7 side chain functions as a gate for ligand entry in both HbA subunits. 相似文献
33.
Anna Maria Piccinini Kerstin Knebl Angelika Rek Gerhild Wildner Maria Diedrichs-M?hring Andreas J. Kungl 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(12):8782-8792
Leukocyte recruitment from the blood into injured tissues during inflammatory diseases is the result of sequential events involving chemokines binding to their GPC receptors as well as to their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) co-receptors. The induction and the crucial role of MCP-1/CCL2 in the course of diseases that feature monocyte-rich infiltrates have been validated in many animal models, and several MCP-1/CCL2 as well as CCR2 antagonists have since been generated. However, despite some of them being shown to be efficacious in a number of animal models, many failed in clinical trials, and therapeutically interfering with the activity of this chemokine is not yet possible. We have therefore generated novel MCP-1/CCL2 mutants with increased GAG binding affinity and knocked out CCR2 activity, which were designed to interrupt the MCP-1/CCL2-related signaling cascade. We provide evidence that our lead mutant MCP-1(Y13A/S21K/Q23R) exhibits a 4-fold higher affinity toward the natural MCP-1 GAG ligand heparan sulfate and that it shows a complete deficiency in activating CCR2 on THP-1 cells. Furthermore, a significantly longer residual time on GAG ligands was observed by surface plasmon resonance. Finally, we were able to show that MCP-1(Y13A/S21K/Q23R) had a mild ameliorating effect on experimental autoimmune uveitis and that a marginal effect on oral tolerance in the group co-fed with Met-MCP-1(Y13A/S21K/Q23R) plus immunogenic peptide PDSAg was observed. These results suggest that disrupting wild type chemokine-GAG interactions by a chemokine-based antagonist can result in anti-inflammatory activity that could have potential therapeutic implications. 相似文献
34.
Azubuike I. Okemefuna Lasse Stach Sudeep Rana Akim J. Ziai Buetas Jayesh Gor Stephen J. Perkins 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(2):1041-1052
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein of the pentraxin family that binds ligands in a Ca2+-dependent manner, and activates complement. Knowledge of its oligomeric state in solution and at surfaces is essential for functional studies. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed that CRP in 2 mm Ca2+ exhibits a rapid pentamer-decamer equilibrium. The proportion of decamer decreased with an increase in NaCl concentration. The sedimentation coefficients s20,w0 of pentameric and decameric CRP were 6.4 S and in excess of 7.6 S, respectively. In the absence of Ca2+, CRP partially dissociates into its protomers and the NaCl concentration dependence of the pentamer-decamer equilibrium is much reduced. By x-ray scattering, the radius of gyration RG values ranged from 3.7 nm for the pentamer to above 4.0 nm for the decamer. An averaged KD value of 21 μm in solution (140 mm NaCl, 2 mm Ca2+) was determined by x-ray scattering and modeling based on crystal structures for the pentamer and decamer. Surface plasmon resonance showed that CRP self-associates on a surface with immobilized CRP with a similar KD value of 23 μm (140 mm NaCl, 2 mm Ca2+), whereas CRP aggregates in low salt. It is concluded that CRP is reproducibly observed in a pentamer-decamer equilibrium in physiologically relevant concentrations both in solution and on surfaces. Both 2 mm Ca2+ and 140 mm NaCl are essential for the integrity of CRP in functional studies and understanding the role of CRP in the acute phase response. 相似文献
35.
36.
Galina I. Lepesheva Hee-Won Park Tatiana Y. Hargrove Benoit Vanhollebeke Zdzislaw Wawrzak Joel M. Harp Munirathinam Sundaramoorthy W. David Nes Etienne Pays Minu Chaudhuri Fernando Villalta Michael R. Waterman 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2010,285(3):1773-1780
Sterol 14α-demethylase (14DM, the CYP51 family of cytochrome P450) is an essential enzyme in sterol biosynthesis in eukaryotes. It serves as a major drug target for fungal diseases and can potentially become a target for treatment of human infections with protozoa. Here we present 1.9 Å resolution crystal structures of 14DM from the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma brucei, ligand-free and complexed with a strong chemically selected inhibitor N-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl)-4-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadi-azol-2-yl)benzamide that we previously found to produce potent antiparasitic effects in Trypanosomatidae. This is the first structure of a eukaryotic microsomal 14DM that acts on sterol biosynthesis, and it differs profoundly from that of the water-soluble CYP51 family member from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, both in organization of the active site cavity and in the substrate access channel location. Inhibitor binding does not cause large scale conformational rearrangements, yet induces unanticipated local alterations in the active site, including formation of a hydrogen bond network that connects, via the inhibitor amide group fragment, two remote functionally essential protein segments and alters the heme environment. The inhibitor binding mode provides a possible explanation for both its functionally irreversible effect on the enzyme activity and its selectivity toward the 14DM from human pathogens versus the human 14DM ortholog. The structures shed new light on 14DM functional conservation and open an excellent opportunity for directed design of novel antiparasitic drugs. 相似文献
37.
R. P. Brown T. Tejangkura E. H. El Mouden M. A. Ait Baamrane M. Znari 《Ecology and evolution》2012,2(12):2962-2973
Delimitation of species is an important and controversial area within evolutionary biology. Many species boundaries have been defined using morphological data. New genetic approaches now offer more objective evaluation and assessment of the reliability of morphological variation as an indicator that speciation has occurred. We examined geographic variation in morphology of the continuously distributed skink Chalcides mionecton from Morocco and used Bayesian analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) loci to examine: (i) their concordance with morphological patterns, (ii) support for species delimitation, (iii) timing of speciation, and (iv) levels of gene flow between species. Four digit individuals were found at sites between Cap Rhir (in the south) and the northern extreme of the range, whereas five‐digit individuals were found in two disjunct areas: (i) south of Cap Rhir and (ii) the north of the range where they were often syntopic with four‐digit individuals. The pattern of variation in generalized body dimensions was largely concordant with that in digit number, suggesting two general morphotypes. Bayesian analyses of population structure showed that individuals from sites south of Cap Rhir formed one genetic cluster, but that northern four‐ and five‐digit individuals clustered together. Statistical support for delimitation of these genetic clusters into two species was provided by a recent Bayesian method. Phylogenetic–coalescent dating with external time calibrations indicates that speciation was relatively recent, with a 95% posterior interval of 0.46–2.66 mya. This postdates equivalent phylogenetic dating estimates of sequence divergence by approximately 1 Ma. Statistical analyses of a small number of independent loci provide important insights into the history of the speciation process in C. mionecton and support delimitation of populations into two species with distributions that are spatially discordant with patterns of morphological variation. 相似文献
38.
Li Z Jiao G Sun G Song L Sheng F 《Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology》2012,26(9):331-336
In this work, the interaction of chlortetracycline with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, and molecular docking. Results indicated that chlortetracycline quenches BSA fluorescence mainly by a static quenching mechanism. The quenching constants (KSV) were obtained as 5.64 × 104, 4.49 × 104/, and 3.44 × 104/ M?1 at 283, 295, and 307 K, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters of enthalpy change Δ H°, entropy change Δ S°, and free energy change Δ G° were ?5.12 × 104/ J mol?1, ?97.6 J mol?1 K?1, and ?2.24 × 104/ J mol?1 (295 K), respectively. The association constant (KA) and the number of binding sites (n) were 9.41 × 103/ M?1 and 0.86, respectively. The analysis results suggested that the interaction was spontaneous, and van der Waals force and hydrogen‐bonding interactions played key roles in the reaction process. In addition, CD spectra proved secondary structure alteration of BSA in the presence of chlortetracycline. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:331–336, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10:1002/jbt.21424 相似文献
39.
40.
117例医院真菌感染分析及预防 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的 了解佛山市南海人民医院真菌感染的分布,探讨有效预防和控制真菌感染的措施。方法 对该院117例真菌感染病例作回顾性分析。结果 3583例送检标本中真菌检出率为3.27%(117/3583),医院内真菌感染率为2.95%(106/3583)。分离出真菌以白色念珠菌为主(70/117.59.8%)、热带念珠菌次之(17/117,14.5%)、霉菌居第3位(9/117.7.69%)。药敏显示:5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素B和制霉素敏感率较高,分别为92.4%、93.3%和92.5%,咪康唑、酮康唑和益康唑敏感率较低.为52.0%、49.0%和36.0%。结论 医院内真菌感染占真菌感染绝大部分,感染真菌以白色念珠菌为主。感染部位以呼吸道为主;临床规范、合理使用广谱抗生素,加强消毒护理工作。是预防控制真菌感染发生的最有效措施。 相似文献