Natural selection of Varroa jacobsoni explains the different reproductive strategies in colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera

In colonies of European Apis mellifera, Varroa jacobsoni reproduces both in drone and in worker cells. In colonies of its original Asian host, Apis cerana, the mites invade both drone and worker brood cells, but reproduce only in drone cells. Absence of reproduction in worker cells is probably crucial for the tolerance of A. cerana towards V. jacobsoni because it implies that the mite population can only grow during periods in which drones are reared. To test if non-reproduction of V. jacobsoni in worker brood cells of A. cerana is due to a trait of the mites or of the honey-bee species, mites from bees in A. mellifera colonies were artificially introduced into A. cerana worker brood cells and vice versa. Approximately 80% of the mites from A. mellifera colonies reproduced in naturally infested worker cells as well as when introduced into worker cells of A. mellifera and A. cerana. Conversely, only 10% of the mites from A. cerana colonies reproduced, both in naturally infested worker cells of A. cerana and when introduced into worker cells of A. mellifera. Hence, absence of reproduction in worker cells is due to a trait of the mites. Additional experiments showed that A. cerana bees removed 84% of the worker brood that was artificially infested with mites from A. mellifera colonies. Brood removal started 2 days after artificial infestation, which suggests that the bees responded to behaviour of the mites. Since removal behaviour of the bees will have a large impact on fitness of the mites, it probably plays an important role in selection for differential reproductive strategies. Our findings have large implications for selection programmes to breed less-susceptible bee strains. If differences in non-reproduction are mite specific, we should not only look for non-reproduction as such, but for colonies in which non-reproduction in worker cells is selected. Hence, in selection programmes fitness of mites that reproduce in both drone and worker cells should be compared to fitness of mites that reproduce only in drone cells. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

中蜂抗菌物质的诱导

本文报道了用大肠杆菌注射处理中蜂Ａｐｉｓ ｃｅｒａｎａ Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ后,用含菌培养基平板测活法,就中蜂抗菌物质的产生规律及抗菌活性进行了初步研究。结果表明,不同诱导源均可诱导中蜂产生抗菌物质,但诱导的抗菌物质的抗菌活性则有一定的差异。用大肠杆菌重复诱导则使中蜂的成活率和抗菌物质的抗菌活性有很大提高。注射大肠杆菌后冲蜂抗菌物持产生高峰在４８小时左右。诱导后产生的抗菌物质具有广谱性,对大肠杆菌Ａｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａ　ｃｏｌｉ、枯草芽孢杆菌 Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ　 ｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ、苏云金杆菌 Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ　ｔｈｕｒｉｎｇ－ｉｅｎｓｉｓ、巨大芽孢杆菌 Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ　ｍｅｇａｔｈｅｒｉｕｍ、黑腐菌 Ｘａｎｔｈｏｍｏｎａｓ ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ　等均有抑菌作用,而对真菌白僵菌Ｂｅａｕｖｅｒｉａ　ｂａｓｓｉａｎａ未发现抑菌作用。中蜂麻醉方法以冷冻法最为简便、易行。     

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN HONEYBEE LARVAE (APIS MELLIFERA L.) AFTER INFECTION WITH BACILLUS LARVAE,THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF AMERICAN FOULBROOD DISEASE

Morphological, histochemical and cytochemical changes were examined in honeybee larvae after infection with the bacterium Bacillus larvae. The results indicate cell necrosis in the midgut epithelium accompanied by increasing cell vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis following per os inoculation with B. larvae. Many autolysosomes were positive for acid phosphatase. Non-vacuolar acid phosphatase activity was also found in lysed cell compartments. No such activity was found in regenerative epithelial cells. Degradation of haemocytes, salivary glands and other tissues was also observed. Histochemical analyses after per cutaneous inoculation with B. larvae of three- and five-day-old honeybee larvae show intense non-vacuolar acid phosphatase activity followed by disintegration of infected salivary glands, epithelial cell cytoplasm and haemocytes.     

信息素介导的西方蜜蜂与狄斯瓦螨互作研究进展

狄斯瓦螨是一种严重危害西方蜜蜂的体外寄生螨,是世界养蜂业的最大威胁.人们广泛采用化学方法防治狄斯瓦螨,但易引起狄斯瓦螨的抗药性、蜜蜂中毒和蜂产品药物残留等问题.为此,人们尝试了多种蜂螨绿色防控技术.其中利用蜜蜂信息素防治狄斯瓦螨是一个重要的研究方向.研究表明,狄斯瓦螨能利用蜜蜂信息素识别处于不同发育阶段的寄主,并对特定时期的寄主表现出高度的选择性.近年来,多种能作用于狄斯瓦螨的蜜蜂信息素相继被报道.这些信息素包括成蜂、蛹和幼虫信息素.有的信息素对狄斯瓦螨表现出驱避作用,有的则表现出引诱作用.本文对这些信息素的种类、主要组成成分、对狄斯瓦螨的作用等进行了综述,旨在为今后的研究与应用提供参考.     

Pollen analysis of honeys from the northwest of Argentina: Province of Jujuy

The palynological characterisation of 157 honey samples from three northwest regions of Argentina (Prepuna, Yungas and Chaco) are presented to determine their botanical origin and species associations to be able to define their geographic origin. Samples were harvested during 2003–2011 and processed by means of melissopalynological conventional techniques. One-hundred and nine pollen types were identified. Representative pollen types with a frequency of occurrence greater than 50% in descending order of importance are: Salix humboldtiana, Allophylus edulis, Baccharis, Solanaceae, Eucalyptus, Schinus, Brassicaceae, Papilionoideae, Celtis, Scutia/Condalia-type and Parapiptadenia excelsa. The most important monofloral honeys are from the following: Salix humboldtiana, Scutia/Condalia-type, Allophylus edulis, Baccharis, Blepharocalyx salicifolius, Gleditsia amorphoides, Myrtaceae, Sicyos, Ziziphus mistol, Schinopsis-type, Agonandra excelsa, Anadenathera colubrina, Mimosa, all of them native species, and among introduced species are Eucalyptus, Citrus and Tithonia. Three apicultural zones and their corresponding pollen association indicators were determined: Zone I, Prepuna: Arquita trichocarpa, Prosopis ferox, Schinus areira, Baccharis, Buddleja and Mutisieae; Zone II, Yungas: Myrtaceae, Parapiptadenia excelsa, Baccharis, Salix humboldtiana, Allophylus edulis, Scutia/Condalia-type and Zanthoxylum coco; Zone III, transitional area Yungas-Chaco: Prosopis, Salix humboldtiana, Schinus, Anadenanthera colubrina and Allophylus edulis.     

意大利蜜蜂血淋巴HP19蛋白的表达及功能

昆虫血淋巴蛋白HP19主要参与蜕皮激素调控昆虫的变态及发育进程,蜂群内的工蜂、蜂王和雄蜂具有不同的变态和发育历期,为探究hp19在调控意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica三型蜂变态发育中的作用,本研究利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对hp19在不同发育时期的工蜂、雄蜂和蜂王体内的转录水平进行检测。结果表明,该基因在工蜂和雄蜂3龄幼虫体内表达量分别为参照基因的104和105倍,在5龄幼虫体内的表达则分别降为参照的10和102倍,蛹期表达量又都显著提高。hp19在蜂王整个幼虫期的表达保持在参照的102倍,封盖后逐渐上升,至化蛹前达到参照的105倍。在成年工蜂体内的表达为参照的104倍,而在新羽化蜂王和雄蜂体内表达水平为参照的107倍,但在性成熟的产卵蜂王和雄蜂体内的表达显著降低至参照的104倍。hp19在三型蜂体内这种不同的表达模式说明其不仅与三型蜂差异的变态发育历期有关,还可能与雄蜂和蜂王的生殖有关,具有多样的生物学功能。     

10种杀菌剂对中华蜜蜂的急性毒性测定及风险评估

明确80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂、50%啶酰菌胺水分散型粒剂、50%腐霉利可湿性粉剂、50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、100 g/L氰霜唑悬浮剂、20%叶枯唑可湿性粉剂、2%春雷毒素水剂、12.50%腈菌唑乳油、25%丙环唑乳油和15%咪鲜胺微乳剂等10种杀菌剂对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana工蜂的急性毒性,并评价其对中华蜜蜂工蜂的风险性。在室内采用摄入法和点滴法测定10种杀菌剂对中华蜜蜂工蜂的急性经口和接触毒性。结果表明代森锰锌,啶酰菌胺,腐霉利等7种杀菌剂对中华蜜蜂的急性毒性均为低毒;腈菌唑和丙环唑对中华蜜蜂的急性经口毒性和急性接触毒性均为中毒,咪鲜胺对中华蜜蜂的急性经口毒性为高毒,急性接触毒性为中毒;这3种杀菌剂且均属于中等风险性。建议禁止咪鲜胺在蜜源作物开花授粉期施用,慎重选择中等毒性杀菌剂腈菌唑和丙环唑,尽量选择对蜜蜂低毒的杀菌剂,以保护中华蜜蜂的安全。     

云南地区小蜜蜂的饲养方法

为了小蜜蜂Apis florea资源的利用和保护,本论文对其饲养方法及生物学特性进行了研究。在云南省蒙自市,收集野生小蜜蜂8群,对其筑巢、蜂蜜生产、蜂群越冬等饲养方法进行研究,观察并记录饲养过程中蜂群生物学特性。辅助蜂群筑巢过程中,支撑巢脾的树枝距离地面高度在0.6-1.0 m,蜂群较稳定,不易弃巢;利用"巢脾分区切割"的方法生产蜂蜜可以提高产量,减少蜂群分蜂次数;模拟野外筑巢环境,用塑料框和稻草包装,置于日光室的网室内,可有效辅助蜂群越冬。通过对小蜜蜂饲养方法的探索,明确了云南地区小蜜蜂饲养过程中的筑巢高度及科学合理的蜂蜜生产、蜂群越冬方法,为深入研究该种传粉蜂资源的利用与保护提供了重要的参考依据。     

中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂夏季高温下为长季节栽培设施西瓜授粉行为观察

应用中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂为设施西瓜授粉,对其高温条件下的授粉行为进行对比观察。结果表明:两种蜜蜂的授粉行为相似,但在访花时间、访花间隔、访花频率和采集专一性等行为上存在差异。中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂的棚内活动时间分别为5.54 h和5.50 h,与西瓜开花时间基本重合;意大利蜜蜂的单花访花时间3.03±0.17 s比中华蜜蜂的访花时间2.66±0.15 s长,而访花间隔3.22±0.24 s显著低于中华蜜蜂的4.07±0.30 s,访花频率9.53±0.38朵/min显著高于中华蜜蜂的8.09±0.29朵/min。中华蜜蜂在5∶00-7∶00、7∶00-9∶00、9∶00-11∶00采集花粉中西瓜花粉的比例分别为11.03%、13.31%和12.62%,意大利蜜蜂在相应时间段采集花粉中西瓜花粉的比例分别为54.31%、55.97%和32.32%,差异显著。本研究认为中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂都能高效地完成设施西瓜的授粉任务,而且意大利蜜蜂在西瓜授粉上更具优势。     

Midgut bacterial communities in the giant Asian honeybee (Apis dorsata) across 4 developmental stages: A comparative study

Bacterial communities are known to play important roles during the developmental stages of insects, but current knowledge of bacteria associated with the midgut of Apis dorsata, the giant Asian honeybee, is limited. Using polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis (PCR‐DGGE) and 16S rRNA sequencing, the aim of this study was to determine the dynamics of bacterial community structure across four A. dorsata life stages in different geographical locations. The results reveal that bacterial diversity increased as the bee progressed through larval stage to newly emerged worker and old worker. However, in the pupal stage, no bands identified as bacteria could be observed. Overall, 2 bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria and Firmicutes) and 4 classes (Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Bacilli) were identified, but the frequency varied among the different stages and locations. The classes of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli dominated among larval, newly emerged worker and old worker developmental stages.