增强UV-B辐射对芦荟蒽醌类物质含量和超微结构的影响

以库拉索芦荟为试验材料,采用透射电子显微镜及HPLC技术,研究了增强UV-B辐射对芦荟的超微结构和蒽醌类物质的影响.结果显示：增强UV-B辐射20 d,每天处理6 h,芦荟叶中总蒽醌、芦荟素、芦荟大黄素的含量分别增加了31.8%、11.3%和22.0%;叶绿体被膜有轻微破损,其他细胞器结构没有明显变化.说明增强UV-B辐射能促进蒽醌类物质的积累,但对细胞超微结构影响不大.     

3种芦荟属植物叶的表皮扫描电镜观察及芦荟素含量的测定

以库拉索芦荟、木立芦荟和皂质芦荟为材料,用扫描电镜观察其叶表皮气孔和角质膜的结构,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了3种芦荟属植物叶中芦荟素的含量。扫描电镜观察结果表明,3种芦荟叶表皮都覆盖有厚的角质膜,气孔下陷,表现出典型的旱生植物特征。但角质膜的纹饰和厚度在不同芦荟间有显着差异。木立芦荟角质膜表面呈瘤状突起,角质膜厚度为5～6μm,库拉索芦荟和皂质芦荟的角质膜表面较平,库拉索芦荟的角质膜厚度为3～4μm,皂质芦荟的角质膜厚度为8～10μm。高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定结果表明,木立芦荟叶含芦荟素最高,库拉索芦荟叶含量较低,而皂质芦荟叶含量最低。此外,本文还初步探讨了芦荟属植物叶表皮结构与芦荟素含量的关系。     

Effects of heat treatment and dehydration on bioactive polysaccharide acemannan and cell wall polymers from Aloe barbadensis Miller

Physico-chemical modifications promoted by heat treatment and dehydration at different temperatures (30–80 °C) on acemannan, a bioactive polysacharide from aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) parenchyma, were evaluated. Modification of acemannan, a storage polysaccharide, was particularly significant when dehydration was performed above 60 °C. Heating promoted marked changes in the average molecular weight (MW) of the bioactive polysaccharide, increasing from 45 kDa, in fresh aloe, to 75 and 81 kDa, for samples dehydrated at 70 and 80 °C, respectively. This could be attributed to structural modifications, such as deacetylation and losses of galactose-rich side-chains from the mannose backbone. These structural modifications were reflected by the significant changes occurring in the related functional properties, such as swelling, water retention capacity, and fat adsorption capacity, which exhibited a significant decrease as the temperature of dehydration increased. Further, dehydration also promoted significant modification of the main type of cell wall polysaccharides present within the aloe parenchyma tissues. Pectic polysaccharides from the cell wall matrix were affected by heating, probably due to either β-elimination processes or enzyme-catalysed degradation. The influence that these physico-chemical modifications might have on the bioactivity and properties of processed products from A. barbadensis Miller needs to be considered.     

9种芦荟属植物叶的结构和芦荟素含量的比较研究

9种芦荟属植物叶的比较解剖研究结果表明,它们都具有明显的旱生叶的结构特征,其维管束的韧皮部内都有大型薄壁细胞,但其表皮角质膜的厚度,表面纹饰,气孔上,下腔的形状和大小,同化组织 导 ,细胞分化情况,维管束的大小,分布密度和其大型薄壁细胞占维管束的比例,中央贮水组织占叶横切面的比例等特征,在各种间存在差异,且性状稳定,可以作为该属内种间分类的解剖学指标,植物化学分析结果表明,9种植物叶内蒽醌类物质的主要种类和含量不同,其含量高,低与叶内维管束密度,大型薄壁细胞占维管束的比例以及同化组织的厚度密度切相关,从而为芦荟属植物选育商业用良种提供了植物解剖学依据。     

木立芦荟叶的发育解剖学研究

应用植物解剖学方法研究了木立芦荟（Aloe arborescens Mill.)叶的发育过程。研究结果表明,叶原基在发育早期其形态是不对称的,内部为同形细胞组成,但很快分化成原表皮,原形成层束和基本分生组织。以后,原表皮发育成表皮,位于原表皮下的2－5层基本分生组织细胞发民同化薄壁组织,而位于中央的基本分生组织细胞则发育成储水薄壁组织,原形成层束发育成维管束。维管束由维管束鞘、木质部、韧皮部和大型薄壁细胞组成。大型薄壁细胞起源于原形成层束,位于韧皮部内,其发育迟于筛管、伴胞,为芦荟属植物叶的结构特征。     

库拉索芦荟的多倍体诱导及其变异初报

在组织培养条件下,对库拉索芦荟（Aloe vera L.)用秋水仙素进行染色体加倍的诱导处理,结果表明：用含0.06%秋水仙素处理12h后诱变频率可达50％,其效果最佳。经秋水仙素诱导的加倍群体与正常二倍体植株比较,植株的大多数叶片变厚,叶色变深,叶片变大,气孔增大而单位叶面积气孔数减少。对变异材料进行细胞学研究所发现,体细胞中期染色体为2n=4x=28,为4倍体。未加倍前的二倍体为2n=2x=14。检测中也发现有少数植株有2n=14和2n=28两种细胞型的情况。     

中药库拉索芦荟化学成分的液质定性分析

为阐明中药库拉索芦荟(Aloe barbadensis)叶的汁液浓缩干燥物的化学成分,该研究采用HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSⁿ技术,结合对照品对比和文献检索,对其进行系统的定性分析。以水(A)-乙腈(B)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL·min^-1,质谱使用ESI离子源,采用负离子模式分析液质数据。结果表明：(1)首次阐明中药库拉索芦荟中蒽醌类(芦荟大黄素、大黄素甲醚、大黄素-8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷)、蒽酮类(芦荟素A、芦荟糖苷A)、色酮类(芦荟新苷D、7-O-甲基芦荟新苷A、altechromone A、芦荟苦素、芦荟新苷G、芦荟新苷C)、α-吡喃酮类(芦荟宁A、芦荟宁B)四类成分的主要化合物的裂解途径。蒽醌类化合物的裂解途径以失去CO₂和CO为主,蒽酮类化合物的裂解途径以己糖苷的裂解和失去CO为主,色酮类化合物的裂解途径以己糖苷的裂解和酯基的水解为主,α-吡喃酮类的裂解途径主要包括己糖苷的裂解、CO₂和H₂O的丢失等。(2)共检测到168种化学...     

Endogenous cytokinins in shoots of Aloe polyphylla cultured in vitro in relation to hyperhydricity, exogenous cytokinins and gelling agents

The process of hyperhydricity in tissue cultured plants of Aloe polyphylla is affected by both applied cytokinins (CKs) and the type of gelling agent used to solidify the medium. Shoots were grown on media with agar or gelrite and supplemented with different concentrations of N⁶-benzyladenine (BA) or zeatin (0, 5 and 15 μM). Endogenous CKs were measured in in vitro regenerants after an 8-weeks cycle to examine whether the hyperhydricity-inducing effect of exogenous CKs and gelling agents is associated with changes in the endogenous CK content. On media with agar a reduction in hyperhydricity occurred, while the gelrite treatment produced both normal and hyperhydric shoots (HS). The content of endogenous CKs, determined by HPLC-mass spectrometry, in the shoots grown on CK-free media comprised isopentenyladenine-, trans-zeatin- and cis-zeatin-type CKs. The application of exogenous CKs resulted in an increase in the CK content of the shoots. Following application of zeatin, dihydrozeatin-type CKs were also detected in the newly-formed shoots. Application of BA to the media led to a transition from isoprenoid CKs to aromatic CKs in the shoots. Shoots grown on gelrite media contained higher levels of endogenous CKs compared to those on agar media. Total CK content of HS was higher than that of normal shoots grown on the same medium. We suggest that the ability of exogenous CKs and gelrite to induce hyperhydricity in shoots of Aloe polyphylla is at least partially due to up-regulation of endogenous CK levels. However, hyperhydricity is a multifactor process in which different factors intervene.