The Pollination Biology of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)

This paper reports floral rewards, flower visitors, foraging behavior and visitation rate of flower visitors on inflorescences, and the pollination effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. et Maxim. ) Maxim. The main results are as follows: (1) A male flower can provide 58 000～81 000 pollen grains and 5.5～8.0 μ1/d × 2～3 d of nectar, while a female flower can provide 4.0～8.0μl/d × 2～3 d of nectar but no pollen grains. A hermaphrodite flower can provide 19 000～54 000 pollen grains and 7.0～10.0μl/d × 2～6 d of nectar; when it is at male phase, it can provide pollen as well as nectar, but when it is at female phase, it can only provide nectar. (2) The male and hermaphrodite flowers, if they provide pollen grains, are pollen donors. The female and hermaphrodite flowers with white and open stigmas are pollen recipients. The rewarding phase of pollen donor lasts 1～3 days after anthesis and that of pollen recipient is between 5～7 or 7～9 days after anthesis. This may confirm that E. senticosus is protandrous. In addition, the nectar-rewarding period of pollen donors is from 8:30 to 16:00, and its peak is at 9:00～15:00; while that of pollen recipients is from 10:30 to 16:30, with its peak from 11:00 to 16:00. It is suggested that the difference between the two nectar-rewarding peaks be the key factor which affects the pollinators' visiting direction from pollen donors to pollen recipients. (3) More than 50 species of visiting insects were observed. Visitors most frequently seen are arranged in Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera in order. Their visitation rate and visitation peak are influenced by different plants of different sexes, in different habitats and under different weather conditions. Generally, the peak of visitation to pollen donors is earlier than that to pollen recipients; the rate of visitation to male patch is higher than that to female patch. In the case of hermaphrodite patch, the visitation rate is higher when receiving pollen than when supplying. In addition, the brighter the sky is or the larger the E. senticosus patch is, the higher the visitation rate and peak are; the earlier the plant patch is shone in a day, the earlier the visiting peak comes. (4) From the pollination effect, we may conclude that the seed set of E. senticosus totally depends on pollinators'visitation. And bees such as Bumbus, Halictus, Megachile, Vespa, Apis are the most efficient pollinators, while other insects, including Pieridae, Syrphidae, Tachinidae, Melolonthidae and so on,are also helpful for the pollination success. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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Megasporogenesis,Microsporogenesis and Development of Gametophytes in Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae)

This paper describes megasporogenesis, microsporogenesis, and development of female and male gametophytes in Eleutherococcus senticosus. The main results are as follows: Flowers of E. senticosus are epigynous, pentamerous. Anthers are 4 -microsporangiate. An ovary has 5 loculi. Each ovary loculus has 2 ovules: the upper ovule and the lower ovule. The upper one is orthotropous and degenerates after the formation of archesporial cell, while the lower one is anatropous, unitegmic and crassinucellar, and able to continue developing. In male plants, microsporogenesis and development of male gametophytes took place in regular way, but a series of abnormal phenomena were found in megasporogenesis and development of female gametophytes. The microspore mother cells gave rise to tetrahedral tetrads by meiosis. Cytokinesis was of the simultaneous type. The mature pollen was 3-celled and shed singly. The anther wall formation belonged to the dicotyledonous type. At the stage of microspore mother cell, the anther wall consisted of four layers, i.e. epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, and tapetum. The tapetum was of glandular type and its most cells were binucleate. When microspores were at the uninucleate stage, the tapetum began to degenerate in situ. When microspores developed into 3-celled pollen grains, the tapetum had fully degenerates. In the lower ovule of male flower, the megaspore mother cell gave rise to a linear or “T” -shaped tetrad. In some cases, a new archesporial cell over the tetrad or two tetrads parallel or in a series were observed. Furthermore, the position of functional megaspore was variable; any one or two megaspores might be functional, or one megaspore gave rise to a uninucleate embryo sac, but two other megaspores also had a potentiality of developing into the embryo sac. In generally, on the day when flowers opened, female gametophytes contained only 4 cells: a central cell, two irregular synergids and one unusual egg cell. In female plants, microspore mother cells and secondary sporogenous cells were observed. But at the stage of secondary sporogenous cell, the newly differentiated tapetum took the appearance of degeneration. Later, during the whole stage of meiosis, the trace of degenerative tapetum could be seen. At last, the microsporangium degenerated and no tetrad formed. On the blossom day, all anthers shriveled without pollen grains. In female flowers, megasporogenesis and development of female gametophytes were normal: the tetrad of megaspores was linear or “T”-shaped; the chalazal megaspore was usually functional; the development of embryo sac was of the Polygonum type. On the blossom day, most embryo sacs consisted of 7 cells with 8 nuclei or 7 cells with 7 nuclei; but the egg apparatus was not fully developed. In hermaphroditic plants, microsporogenesis was normal but the development of male gametophytes was partially abnormal. When the hermaphroditic flowers blossomed, there were more or less empty pollen grains in the microsporangium and these pollen grains were quite different in size. The development of most gynoecia was normal but numerous abnormal embryo sacs could be seen. On the blossom day, female gametophytes were mainly 7-celled with 8-nuclei or with 7-nuclei or 4-celled with antipodal cells degenerated; the egg apparatus wasnot fully developed either.     

刺五加甲羟戊酸焦磷酸脱羧酶基因的克隆与表达分析

利用RACE技术克隆刺五加甲羟戊酸焦磷酸脱羧酶(mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase,MDD)基因的全长cDNA序列,运用生物信息学方法对该基因进行分析,并通过RT-PCR法检测MDD在刺五加不同生长发育时期和不同器官中的表达情况。结果表明:(1)刺五加MDD基因cDNA序列全长1 769bp(GenBank登录号为JQ905594),开放阅读框全长1 263bp,编码420个氨基酸残基,包含GHMP激酶超家族的特异性识别序列;刺五加MDD蛋白的二级结构中含有161个α螺旋,占38.33%;68个延伸链,占16.19%;19个β折叠,占4.52%;172个无规则卷曲,占40.95%;刺五加MDD蛋白无跨膜区域,定位于膜外。(2)刺五加MDD基因在不同生长发育时期和器官中均有表达,但表达量具有显著差异(P<0.05)。在整个生长期中,MDD的表达呈现高-低-高-低的变化趋势,第一个表达高峰出现在萌芽期至叶片完全展开时,第二个高峰出现在果实体积快速增长期,最高表达量(叶片完全展开期)为最低表达量(叶片衰老期)的4.51倍;不同器官中,幼茎的表达量最高,为最低表达量(叶片)的7.22倍,但叶片、叶柄和根中的表达量差异不显著。研究结果为阐明刺五加皂苷的生物合成及对其进行表达调控奠定了基础。     

吉林长白山刺五加总皂苷超声提取工艺研究

以吉林长白山野生刺五加果实为原料,采用正交试验设计通过香草醛—高氯酸显色法对不同超声处理条件下刺五加果实粗提物中总皂甙得率进行测定,优化野生刺五加果实总皂甙超声提取工艺.结果表明:超声提取吉林长白山野生刺五加果实总皂甙的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶20、乙醇体积分数70％、超声波功率450W、超声提取时间50 min,测得刺五加粗提物中总皂甙含量为3.57 mg/g,该提取方法简便、快捷,可用于长白山野生刺五加果实总皂甙提取和测定.     

刺五加对抑郁症大鼠行为学的影响

目的:研究刺五加对抑郁症动物行为学的影响。方法:采用大鼠强迫游泳试验,确定实验中刺五加治疗组剂量。采用慢性温和性不可预知应激(CUMS)+孤养的方法复制大鼠抑郁模型,将48只SD雄性大鼠分为6组(n=8):正常对照组(NC)、空白对照组(BC)、实验对照组(EC)、刺五加浸膏治疗组(AS)、盐酸氯丙咪嗪治疗组(CH)及刺五加浸膏+盐酸氯丙咪嗪联合治疗组(A+C),观察大鼠糖水偏爱度、体重增长和行为学改变。结果:在强迫游泳实验中,一定剂量的刺五加浸膏能明显缩短大鼠水面停留时间,其中600mg/kg剂量作用最为显著。在CUMS+孤养抑郁模型动物实验中,与NC组相比,BC组和EC组中央格停留时间显著增加(P0.05),其它各项指标显著减少(P0.05),BC组和EC组间各项指标没有显著差异(P0.05);经过28天的治疗后,AS组的中央格停留时间和穿越格数,CH组的穿越格数和清洁运动次数有改善但与NC组相比仍有显著差异(P0.05),AS组、CH组的其余各项指标及A+C组的各项指标都恢复至NC组水平(P0.05)。结论:刺五加在改善抑郁模型大鼠快感缺乏和其他行为学变化方面的作用与盐酸氯丙咪嗪相似,在提高动物对周围环境的要求及对自身的关注度方面略优于盐酸氯丙咪嗪。联合用药能有效改善各种症状且效果优于单独用药。     

刺五加体细胞胚发生研究进展

综述了国内外对刺五加体细胞胚发生研究的现状。分别对刺五加体细胞胚发生方式、体细胞胚发育相关生理生化变化（包括生长素极性运输、DNA甲基化和代谢途径调控）、体细胞胚生物反应器培养的研究现状进行了评述。     

Diterpenoids from Acanthopanax brachypus Harms

Four diterpenoids, including two new ones, namely noracanthopanin A ( 1 ) and acanthopanolide B ( 2 ), and two known ones, ent‐pimara‐9(11),15‐dien‐19‐oic acid ( 3 ) and ent‐kaur‐16‐en‐19‐oic acid ( 4 ), were isolated from the stem bark of Acanthopanax brachypus Harms . Their structures were elucidated by physicochemical and spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 and 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxicities against HO‐8910 cells with IC₅₀ values of 65.21±0.23 and 31.43±1.01 μg/ml, respectively, and 2 showed selective weak cytotoxicity against SMMC‐7721 cells (IC₅₀ 89.67±2.54 μg/ml).     

模拟酸雨对白筋叶片抗氧化酶活性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

采用棚内盆栽方法, 设置pH值5.6 （对照）、4.0、3.0和2.0的模拟酸雨胁迫试验, 探讨其对白簕幼苗叶片MDA含量、保护酶活性、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明, 随着模拟酸雨pH值的降低, MDA含量呈先降低后升高的趋势; SOD活性逐渐降低, POD活性逐渐升高, APX活性呈先升高后降低的变化。叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量均比对照高, 在pH 4.0时达最大值。气孔限制值（Ls）、PSII实际光化学量子产量（ΦPSII）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）均随pH值的降低而下降, 净光速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、水分利用效率（WUE）、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）、非光化学淬灭系数（qN）呈先升高后降低趋势, 且也都在pH 4.0时达最大值。由此推测, pH 4.0的酸雨处理有利于白簕幼苗的生长, 表明白簕幼苗可能喜欢生活在微酸环境中, 但是随着酸度加强, 反而起到抑制作用。     

Modulatory effects of one polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus in alloxan-induced diabetic mice

One water-soluble polysaccharide ASP was purified from Acanthopanax senticosus and its physicochemical properties were confirmed by the combination of chemical and instrumental analysis. ASP administered orally at three doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) could significantly decrease the concentration of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels except for high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level and the relative ratio (HDL/TC) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice, compared with the diabetic controls without drug treatment, comparable with that of diabetic mice treated with metformin. Furthermore, ASP could obviously increase the body weight and serum insulin level and reduce the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, especially at dose of 200 mg/kg. The data demonstrated ASP at the certain did often exhibit the optimal protective effect in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. It is promising that ASP may serve as a drug candidate or a healthcare food for diabetic therapy or protection.     

刺五加雌花蜜腺的显微形态和超微结构观察

利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜及透射电镜对刺五加雌花蜜腺结构进行了观察,结果表明:(1)刺五加雌花蜜腺为花盘蜜腺,由表皮和泌蜜组织构成;(2)蜜腺表面几乎均匀地分布着大量变态的气孔,蜜汁从气孔泌出;(3)蜜腺发育过程中有淀粉粒的积累和水解过程,液泡也伴随规律性变化;(4)蜜腺分泌方式为渗透型,或者以渗透型为主胞吐型为辅的分泌方式;(5)金胺O染色说明蜜腺表面具有角质层,可观察到微通道从中穿过,可能是蜜汁向外界分泌的通道之一.