食用真菌生物技术研究进展

生物技术的兴起,引起世界各国广泛地注意和重视。在食用真菌方面,世界各国科学家们,正从分子和细胞水平两个层次上,对食用菌的菌种特征、子实体分化发育、菌种类缘间关系的指纹(finger—print)及用于育种的同性核体(homocaryor)的筛选和鉴定等方面积极开展遗传操作研究,以期培育高产,优质的新菌株。近期,基因工程、细胞工程、酶及发酵工程的研究,已初见成效,取得了可喜的进展。 (一)、基因工程研究进展     

Proteomics Associated with Virulence Differentiation of Curvularia lunata in Maize in China

One-dimensional electrophoresis (1-DE) of proteins, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) of proteins and cloning of cDNA sequence were used to study the virulence differentiation of Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boed. isolated from maize (Zea maydis L.) in China. From 1-DE gel profiles of proteins, 110 reproducible bands were separated from six isolates of C. lunata CX-3, SD-6, C-152, C107-1, DD-60 and W-18. Sixty-eight bands (61.82%) were polymorphic,suggesting huge biodiversities among the isolates. All isolates for the experiment were clustered into three groups consisting of different virulent types by coefficient value of 0.605. Group 1, consisting of CX-3, SD-6 and C-152 with high virulence displayed more protein bands than Groups 2 and 3, consisting of C107-1 and DD-60 with low virulence. Proteomics approaches based on 2-DE techniques were applied to identify specific proteins associated with the virulence differentiation in CX-3 and DD-60. A total of 423 protein spots were separated. Out of them 75 specific protein spots were displayed in 2-DE gels. Among them 28 protein spots were unique in CX-3 and eight in DD-60, and 39 protein spots were shown on both 2-DE gels but expressed differently in intensity. Twenty protein spots including three unique protein spots and 17 differentially expressed protein spots (more than two-fold DD-60) in CX-3 were further identified with MALDI-TOF MS/MS. Results indicated that most of the identified proteins were found to be associated with virulence differentiation, metabolisms, stress response and signal transduction.One of them was identified as Brn1 protein, which had been reported to be related to melanin biosynthesis and the virulence differentiation in fungi. Combined with our previous findings, we assumed that Brn1 protein and its regulating products might be involved in the virulence differentiation of C. lunata. Consequently, we cloned a Brn1 cDNA fragment and aligned it with the fragments in other fungi. Results indicated that the 633-bp sequence of Brn1 cloned in C. lunata was highly homological with the compared fungi. Further work for the exact gene roles of Brn1 in our case is underway.     

转基因食品的安全性探讨

转基因食品近几年成了大众关注的一个热点问题,但普遍存在一些错误观点。从转基因食品常用的基因,如抗生素抗性基因、Bt基因、抗除草剂抗性基因、人或动物基因等,分析其食用安全性, 排除对转基因食品的疑惑。     

长期深淹对三峡库区三种草本植物的恢复生长及光合特性的影响

硬秆子草（Capillipedium assimile）、双穗雀稗（Paspalum distichum）和狗牙根（Cynodon dactylon）在经受与三峡水库水位运行节律基本一致的水淹时间和水淹持续时期,但淹水深度（0、5、15和25m）不同的处理后,对其进行了恢复生长和光合特性研究。结果表明：（1）3种草本植物之间相比,狗牙根的存活率最高,所有处理植株存活率达到了100％;硬秆子草和双穗雀稗随着水淹深度的增加,存活率呈降低趋势,5in深处理存活率达到了100％,15in和25m深处理存活率在80％以上。（2）3种草本植物恢复生长后的叶片净光合速率Pn、蒸腾速率Tr、气孔导度Gs、水分利用效率WUE和表观CO2利用效率CUEapp与未淹对照相比没有显著差异;不同物种相同水淹处理之间比较,狗牙根的各光合指标显著高于硬秆子草和双穗雀稗。（3）结合三峡库区消落带植被恢复物种筛选的基本条件和本试验不同处理植株的恢复生长及其光合特性的研究,结果表明,硬秆子草、双穗雀稗和狗牙根是能够忍耐长期深淹胁迫的、适宜于三峡库区消落带植被恢复与重建的优良物种。三者之间的耐淹能力从大到小依次为：狗牙根〉硬秆子草〉双穗雀稗。     

斑玉蕈Hypsizygus marmoreus凝集素的部分性质和细胞凝集活性分析

斑玉蕈子实体经生理盐水抽提、30%~60%饱和度的硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Cellulose和SephadexG-100柱层析纯化得到斑玉蕈凝集素(HypsizygusmarmoreusLectin,简称HML)。HML经PAGE显示单一条带,SDS-PAGE测得亚基相对分子质量为34.2kD,SephadexG-100凝胶过滤测得相对分子质量为35kD,中性糖含量为7.2%,含有17种氨基酸,IEF-PAGE测得其等电点为8.15。该凝集素能凝集多种动物红细胞和人的A、B、AB和O血型红细胞,对兔红细胞的凝集作用可被甘露糖、半乳糖、N-乙酰半乳糖胺和岩藻糖所抑制。HML对热较敏感,经50℃处理10min,凝集活性下降明显,但对酸碱具有一定的稳定性,在pH5.0~8.0范围内较稳定。β-消去反应测得其糖和蛋白质的连接键为O-型糖肽键。     

云南食用玫瑰的矿质元素和氨基酸分析

对云南食用玫瑰中的矿质元素、氨基酸等进行了分析研究。结果表明,食用玫瑰比普通水果含有更丰富的营养物质,具有较高的保健价值,为进一步开发食用玫瑰提供了科学依据。     

大众保健食品——葵花子

葵花子是向日葵种子的俗称。将它加盐或其它调味料炒制后芳香可口，是深受大众青睐的消闲食品。常食葵花子对身体还大有益处。葵花子富含油质（３０％）、必需脂肪酸、蛋白质、食用纤维、维生素和微量矿质元素。一次食用２８克葵花子可获得１６０热卡、６克蛋白质、１４克脂肪和３克食用纤维。在葵花子的脂肪中，有６６％是人体无法合成，而必须从食物中摄取的必需脂肪酸或不饱和脂肪酸（亚油酸）。葵花子主要含多不饱和脂肪酸，现又已育成了富含单不饱和脂肪酸的品种。在人体内，脂肪不仅是能量的丰富来源，还可对体内脏器产生隔离、保护和…