尤溪天然米槠林植物碳氮磷的化学计量特征及其分配格局

以福建尤溪的天然米槠[Castanopsis carlesii(Hemsl.) Hayata]林乔木层、灌木层和草本层的26个主要优势种为研究对象,分析了植物不同器官的C、N和P含量及其比值的差异及相关性,并对不同器官C、N和P含量在不同层次间的分布特征进行了研究.结果显示:同一器官中均为C平均含量最高、P平均含量最低;其中,叶片中C、N和P含量分别为344.95 ～ 486.15、6.26 ～ 19.50和0.18 ～0.62 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为22.52 ～61.21、696.64～2 589.72和11.38 ～58.94;根系中的C、N和P含量分别为277.95 ～458.30、1.41 ～12.73和0.13 ～0.44mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为34.63 ～296.17、731.45 ～3 372.69和8.81 ～34.41;乔木层和灌木层植物枝条中C、N和P含量分别为407.75 ～473.75、3.10 ～7.39和0.09～0.61 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为57.43 ～148.15、776.64～5 054.44和7.05 ～48.11;乔木层植物树干中的C、N和P含量分别为432.56 ～463.32、2.67 ～6.35和0.16 ～0.31 mg·g-1,C/N、C/P和N/P比分别为68.12 ～167.73、1 494.58 ～2 860.63和11.35 ～29.06.乔木层植物的不同器官按C含量由高至低依次排序为叶片、枝条、树干、根系,按N和P含量由高至低依次排序为叶片、枝条、根系、树干;灌木层植物的C含量在枝条中最高、根系中最低,N和P含量在叶片中最高、枝条中最低;而草本层植物地上部分的C、N和P含量均高于地下部分.除根系中的N含量与P含量呈极显著正相关外,同一器官的C、N和P含量间均无显著相关性,但与C/N、C/P和N/P比值间大多有极显著的相关性.不同器官的C、N和P含量也因植物所处层次的不同而异,其中乔木层植物叶片中均最高、草本层植物叶片中均最低;乔木层植物全株的C含量最高、N含量最低,草本层植物全株的N含量最高、C含量最低,各层植物全株的P含量比较接近.研究结果表明:尤溪天然米槠林内植物叶片的C、N和P含量均偏低,P缺乏很可能是限制该林分植物生产力的最重要元素.     

合成生物学在微生物细胞工厂构建中的应用

通过微生物发酵的方法生产大宗化学品和天然产物能够部分替代石油化工炼制和植物提取。合成生物学技术的发展极大地提高了构建微生物细胞工厂生产大宗化学品和天然产物的能力。一方面综述了合成生物学在构建细胞工厂时的关键技术,包括最优合成途径的设计、合成途径的创建与优化、细胞性能的优化;另一方面,介绍了应用这些技术构建细胞工厂生产燃料化学品、大宗化学品和天然产物的典型案例。     

Transfer of Natural Micro Structures to Bionic Lightweight Design Proposals

The abstraction of complex biological lightweight structure features into a producible technical component is a funda- mental step within the transfer of design principles from nature to technical lightweight solutions. A major obstacle for the transfer of natural lightweight structures to technical solutions is their peculiar geometry. Since natural lightweight structures possess irregularities and often have extremely complex forms due to elaborate growth processes, it is usually necessary to simplify their design principles. This step of simplification/abstraction has been used in different biomimetic methods, but so far, it has an arbitrary component, i.e. it crucially depends on the competence of the person who executes the abstraction. This paper describes a new method for abstraction and specialization of natural micro structures for technical lightweight compo- nents. The new method generates stable lightweight design principles by using topology optimization within a design space of preselected biological archetypes such as diatoms or radiolarian. The resulting solutions are adapted to the technical load cases and production processes, can be created in a large variety, and may be further optimized e.g. by using parametric optimization.     

Novel Natural Allelic Variations at the Rht-1 Loci n Wheat

Plant height is an important agronomic trait. Dramatic increase in wheat yield during the ＂green revolution＂ is mainly due to the widespread utilization of the Reduced height （Rht）-1gene. We analyzed the natural allelic variations of three homoeologous loci Rht-A1, Rht-B1, and Rht-D1 in Chinese wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） micro-core collections and the Rht-B1/D1 genotypes in over 1,500 bred cultivars and germplasms using a modified EcoTILLING. We identified six new Rht-A1 allelic variations （Rht-Alb-g）, eight new Rht-B1 allelic variations （Rht-Blh-o）, and six new Rht-D1 allelic variations （Rht-Dle-j）. These allelic variations contain single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） or small insertions and deletions in the coding or uncoding regions, involving two frame-shift mutations and 15 missenses. Of which, Rht-Dle and Rht-Dlh resulted in the loss of interactions of GID1-DELLA-GID2, Rht-Blicould increase plant height. We found that the Rht-Blh contains the same SNPs and 197 bp fragment insertion as reported in Rht-Blc. Further detection of Rht-Blh in Tibet wheat germplasms and wheat relatives indicated that Rht-Blc may originate from Rht-Blh. These results suggest rich genetic diversity at the Rht-1 loci and provide new resources for wheat breeding.     

真菌天然产物异源生产研究进展

真菌天然产物是天然药物的重要来源之一,大规模真菌基因组序列测序的完成表明真菌具有产生丰富的次级代谢产物的潜能。然而,许多真菌或生长缓慢,或不适宜在实验室条件下培养,或难以进行遗传操作,或化合物产量极低等,这些因素导致大量有价值的真菌天然产物无法获得。利用异源表达系统对真菌天然产物进行生产是发现新天然产物及解析其生物合成途径的有效手段,并为定向的以合成生物学的手段去合成重要活性分子奠定基础。本文对目前用于真菌天然产物生产的各种异源表达系统进行了综述,并结合最新的DNA组装技术展望了异源表达系统在真菌天然产物研究中的应用价值和前景。     

链霉菌底盘细胞的开发现状及其应用

天然产物及其衍生物在现代医疗中扮演着举足轻重的角色,其生物活性多样性以及化学结构的丰富性是新药研发的源泉和动力。利用纯化学方法合成天然产物在技术和成本上有很大的困难,加上许多天然产物的原始产生菌具有培养条件苛刻、产量低下等缺点,而且大量基因簇在原始菌株中是沉默的,这使得利用合成生物学思想来指导天然产物生物合成基因簇的异源表达具有重大意义。作为抗生素、抗肿瘤活性物质、免疫抑制剂等次级代谢产物主要来源的放线菌一直是研究者们关注的焦点,特别是随着基因测序技术的飞速发展,人们发现链霉菌基因组中包含着极为丰富的天然产物生物合成基因簇资源。这意味着开发链霉菌底盘细胞作为异源表达宿主有其得天独厚的优势。本综述从底盘细胞开发的意义入手,重点阐述链霉菌底盘细胞构建的策略及现状,随后通过实例阐述了各种底盘链霉菌的实际应用。     

从阿维菌素获得诺贝尔奖到中国创造

纵观世界历史,大国崛起无不伴随着科技的兴起和机制体制的突破。来自大自然的天然产物对于人类的健康起到非常重要的作用,从抗肿瘤明星分子紫杉醇到挽救了无数人生命的抗感染药物青霉素,从治疗代谢疾病到营养保健,都离不开天然产物。此外,还有大量天然产物资源没有被开发过。而随着阿维菌素的发现者Satoshiōmura教授和William C.Campbell博士,及青蒿素的发现者屠呦呦研究员因为这两种天然产物在治疗寄生虫感染病和疟疾上的应用而获得2015年诺贝尔生理与医学奖后,天然产物有望迎来其发展的第二个黄金时代。我国是世界工厂也是天然药物的资源大国,为了实现产业升级,弯道超车,实现大国崛起的中国梦,我国科学家在"十二五"期间围绕着天然产物的高产和创新两大主题开展了富有成效的合成生物学研究。阿维菌素是由阿维链霉菌产生的高效低毒生物杀虫剂,其原料产能占国际市场的100%。但我国原有生产菌株的单位发酵产量较低,高消耗、高污染、片面追求生产规模的粗放型发展模式已经成了阻碍低碳经济持续高速发展的瓶颈。如何从根本上解决问题,提高生产菌株的单位发酵产量和原料利用率,降低能耗和生产成本,减少环境污染,是促进我国从"发酵大国"向"发酵强国"转变的关键。本文以阿维菌素为例,综述其基础研究的技术发展,特别是中国科学院微生物研究所引入合成生物学技术,将阿维菌素的单位产量提高了1000倍,至9 g/L,在内蒙古新威远与阿维菌素产业联盟的公司应用,迫使默克公司全面退出阿维菌素历史舞台,从而引领产业迅速发展的过程,为我国其它天然产物生物制造品种的改良提供思路和方法。     

羊毛硫肽类化合物(Lanthipeptide)生物合成新进展

羊毛硫肽化合物(Lanthipeptides)是由核糖体合成并经过翻译后修饰得到的一大类肽类天然产物。这类化合物广泛的产生于不同种类的细菌,具有丰富的结构和生物活性多样性,为活性药物研究和开发提供重要的来源。本文综述了近几年来羊毛硫肽化合物生物合成进展,从其合成酶结构,进化机制,区域和立体选择性控制等方面进行了简要的讨论,展示了羊毛硫肽类化合物生物合成中特殊而迷人的酶学机制。     

Effects of nitrogen addition on leaf traits of common species in natural Pinus tabuliformis forests in Taiyue Mountain,Shanxi Province,China

Aims Our objectives were to explore the effects of simulated nitrogen deposition on leaf traits and ecological stoichiometry characteristics of common species in natural Pinus tabuliformis forests.
Methods We conducted the experiment of nitrogen (N) addition from 2009 to 2013 in the natural Pinus tabuliformis forests in Taiyue Mountain, Shanxi, China. The levels of N addition were 0 (control), 50 (low-N), 100 (medium-N) and 150 (high-N) kg·hm^-2·a^-1, respectively. Eleven common plant species in 12 20 m × 20 m plots were selected, including Pinus tabuliformis, Quercus mongolica, Acer ginnala, Corylus mandshurica, Cornus bretschneideri, Spiraea salicifolia, Lonicera maackii, Carex callitrichos, Diarrhena mandshurica, Anemone tomentosa, and Polygonatum odoratum. Nine leaf traits were measured, including leaf thickness (LT), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen content (LNC), leaf phosphorus content (LPC), and other four.
Important findings We found that: 1) LT and SLA of Polygonatum odoratum significantly differed among four levels of N addition. Leaf area (LA) and LDMC of several species, such as Spiraea salicifolia, had significant difference among the N addition concentration. LNC of all species, chlorophyll content (CC) and LPC of most species increased significantly with the addition of N. Leaf N:P of 9 species varied significantly, and leaves with different types and ages showed different responses to N addition. 2) Leaf traits were significantly correlated with each other. For instance, SLA was significantly positively correlated with LNC and LPC. In contrast LT was negatively connected with LNC and LPC. In addition, the degree of correlation changed with the level of N addition. 3) The pattern of species distribution in leaf trait space was consistent with the prediction from the theory of Leaf Economic Spectrum (LES). N addition drove species moving along axis 1 in the trait space, and propelled them towards different directions along axis 2, which indicated that these species tended to take the “fast investment-return” strategy. These results suggested that with the change of environmental conditions, plants changed their survival strategy and adjusted resource allocation to maintain the stability of communities. This is the inherent characteristic of plants, thus the formation of LES did not depend on the environment change.     

天然草地管理措施对植物病害的影响研究进展

放牧、围封、刈割和焚烧是天然草地管理的最主要方式,植物病害是草地生产力的主要限制因素之一,综合考虑生态和经济效益,探讨利用方式对天然草地植物病害的影响,进而采取合理的管理措施,有效降低草地病害危害、提高草地生产力和生态服务功能。分析了放牧、围封和焚烧等草原管理措施对植物病害的影响。放牧对草地植物病害的发生有双重影响,对多数病害而言,放牧可清除草地植被中的病株,减少初侵染源而降低植物病害的发生;但对物理传播的病害,放牧通过家畜传播病原侵染植物,导致病害大面积发生。刈割阻止真菌的进一步侵入与定殖,从而减少草地病害的发生机会;另一方面,刈割形成有利于病原真菌孢子传播的条件,病原真菌通过刈割工具传播到刈割造成的叶片伤口上,为侵入植物体内提供了方便。草地围封增加了植物物种的多度同时降低植物多样性,有利于病害发生。冬末春初植被返青前,焚烧草地可清除枯枝落叶,减少越冬的病原物,降低病害的发生。同时对该领域的研究进行了展望,对今后研究提出了建议。