厦门常见观赏竹在园林造景中的应用

在对厦门岛内外公园、绿地竹类植物调查的基础上,选择常见观赏竹31种,分析其观赏特性,并阐述其在现代园林绿化中的应用。     

黄土高原4种植被类型的细根生物量和年生产量

细根(≤2 mm)在陆地生态系统净初级生产力的分配中占有重要地位,在碳循环和水土保持方面具有重要意义. 本文采用土钻法和内生长法,以黄土高原刺槐人工林、落叶灌木、退耕草地和沙蒿群落4种主要植被类型为对象,研究0～40 cm土层细根生物量、垂直分布和细根年生产量. 结果表明： 细根生物量与纬度呈线性负相关. 4种植被类型0～40 cm土层细根生物量的大小顺序为落叶灌木(220 g·m^-2)>刺槐人工林(163 g·m^-2)≈退耕草地(162 g·m^-2)>沙蒿群落(79 g·m^-2). 退耕草地直径≤1 mm细根生物量占直径≤2 mm总细根生物量的74.1%,在4种植被类型中最高;4种植被类型细根生物量随着土层深度的增加而减少,最大值均出现在0～10 cm土层. 退耕草地0～10 cm土层细根生物量占0～40 cm土层总细根生物量的44.1%,显著高于其他3种植被类型;细根年生产量与纬度呈线性负相关. 4种植被类型0～40 cm土层细根年生产量大小顺序为退耕草地(315 g·m^-2·a^-1)>落叶灌木(249 g·m^-2·a^-1)>刺槐人工林(219 g·m^-2·a^-1)>沙蒿群落(115 g·m^-2·a^-1),其中退耕草地显著高于其他3种植被类型. 退耕草地0～10 cm土层细根生产量占0～40 cm土层总细根生产量的40.4%,在4种植被类型中最高. 退耕草地细根周转时间为0.51 a,低于其他3种植被类型.     

NaHCO3胁迫下3种灌木Na+、K+、Ca2+的吸收及转运

通过盆栽试验,采用原子吸收分光光度法和非损伤微测技术,研究了NaHCO₃胁迫(300 mmol·L^-1)对大洋洲滨藜、四翅滨藜和宁夏枸杞3种灌木离子吸收及运转的影响.结果表明: 随着NaHCO₃浓度升高,两种滨藜和宁夏枸杞叶片中Na⁺含量升高,300 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫下,宁夏枸杞叶肉细胞Na⁺的外排增加,两种滨藜净Na⁺外排降低;随着胁迫时间的延长,大洋洲滨藜和宁夏枸杞叶片的K⁺含量下降,Na⁺/K⁺升高,四翅滨藜叶片K⁺含量升高,Na⁺/K⁺降低;随着浓度的升高,宁夏枸杞叶片积累Ca²⁺减少,Na⁺/Ca²⁺高于对照,叶肉细胞Ca²⁺外排;两种滨藜叶Ca²⁺含量总体呈升高趋势,叶肉细胞Ca²⁺表现为内流.在NaHCO₃胁迫下,3种灌木通过不同的策略来消除Na⁺毒害.宁夏枸杞叶片Na⁺的积累抑制了对Ca²⁺的吸收;两种滨藜Ca²⁺的内流促使细胞质中游离Ca²⁺增加,增加的细胞质\[Ca²⁺\]cyt防治质膜H⁺ ATPase去极化,限制K⁺的外排,从而维持细胞内Na⁺/K⁺的平衡,其中四翅滨藜调控Na⁺/K⁺平衡的能力较强.     

中国灌木辣椒种质农艺性状鉴定与疫病抗性评价

为科学评价中国灌木辣椒种质,选取有代表性的8份辣椒材料,开展了中国灌木辣椒农艺性状鉴定和疫病抗性分析。结果表明:中国灌木辣椒长势强,株高均在1.0 m以上,叶片阔大,花瓣白绿色;果实直立向上,单果质量在0.51~2.04 g之间,平均为1.26 g;果实辣椒素与二氢辣椒素含量之和在565.00~1821.00 mg/kg,平均为1328.33mg/kg,是一年生辣椒B9431的407倍;对疫霉菌抗性水平表现为中抗至高抗,其中,海南野生灌木辣椒H108表现高抗。基于表型数据的主成分分析将中国灌木辣椒与一年生辣椒及美洲灌木辣椒有效区分开来。本研究结果为中国灌木辣椒优异基因的发掘和有效利用提供了理论参考。     

龟纹瓢虫的人工饲养及防治园林蚜虫试验初报

以黄粉虫为基础营养组分配制的人工饲料,能満足龟纹瓢虫幼虫和成虫生长发育需要,筛选的配方具有材料来源广泛、成本低等优点,但连续喂饲人工饲料3代,会导致幼虫历期、蛹历期延长,羽化率、成虫获得率、孵化率降低等现象,生产上应通过野化等措施加以解决。在野外释放人工饲料扩繁的龟纹瓢虫成虫以瓢蚜比1:1防治园林蚜虫,取得了良好效果,可以不用打药而能有效地控制蚜害。     

Morphological traits and physiological characteristics in drought tolerance in 20 shrub species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

Aims Providing indispensably theoretical evidence for establishing indices of evaluation on drought tolerance in shrubs, and screening for tree species that are drought tolerant for afforestation in arid regions or for matching their characteristics with suitable habitat conditions are the key to vegetation restoration in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. However, these issues are not adequately addressed in recent research due to lack of systematic methods. Therefore, our objective was to make a comprehensive evaluation on drought tolerance in 20 shrub species collected from different areas in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and to study their underlying mechanisms in drought tolerance.
Methods We made measurements on variables depicting root characteristics, including the root length (TRL), surface area (TRSA), volume (TRV), and tips number (TRTN) of all roots, the root length (FRL), surface area (FRSA), volume (FRV), and tips number (FRTN) of fine roots (d≤2 mm), and derived plant characteristic indices including thickness of cuticle (CT), thickness of palisade tissue (TPT), thickness of spongy tissue (TST), TPT/TST, thickness of leaf (LT), palisable tissue cell density, and tissue structural tense ratio (CTR = TPT/LT × 100%) and spongy tissue loosened ratio (SR = TST/LT × 100%) of leaf anatomical structure, root to shoot ratio (RSR), leaf transpiration rate (T_r), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i), and carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) of the 20 shrub species through field experiments. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were performed on the 19 variables and indices.
Important findings Different shrubs had different mechanisms of drought tolerance. In this study, the character- istics of drought tolerance were mainly categorized into 6 types, involving modifications of (1) root systems, (2) leaf anatomical structure, (3) leaf pattern, and (4) biomass allocation, or via (5) low water-consumption and (6) high WUE_i. Different genera or different tree species within the same genus clearly differed in drought tolerance. The species of the genus Hippophae were relatively poorly tolerant to drought, whereas several shrubs including Potentilla fruticosa, Berberis julianae, Caragana arborescens, Spiraea salicifolia and Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. mongolica occurred to be more drought tolerant than other shrub species investigated in this study. On the other hand, there were highly significant correlations among the characteristics of root systems and among characteristics of leaf anatomical structure. The results of principal component analysis on 19 variables and indices showed that TRL, TRSA, TRV, TRTN, FRL, FRSA, FRV, FRTN, CT, TPT, TST and WUE_i could be effective indicators of drought tolerance of shrubs in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. In addition, the drought tolerance of shrubs had a close connection with their origin of collections; the shrubs collected from Xining prefecture in Qinghai Province were more drought tolerant than those from Tianshui Prefecture in Gansu and Lasa Prefecture in Xizang.     

江苏省珍稀濒危保护植物资源及其园林应用前景

珍稀濒危保护植物是人类重要的植物资源之一,江苏地处暖温带和亚热带的过渡地带,自然条件优越,植物种类多样,蕴含着丰富的珍稀濒危保护植物。文章调查整理出78种江苏省珍稀濒危保护植物,隶属40科65属,其中本省自然分布的有21种,从其他省份引种栽培的有57种。为了能促进江苏省珍稀濒危保护植物在园林绿化中的应用,分别从江苏省珍稀濒危保护植物的概况、观赏价值、园林应用现状以及在园林中的应用前景等方面进行论述,以期为绿化工作者提供参考。     

南京堇菜属植物资源及其园林应用前景分析

通过对南京市堇菜属植物资源进行调查与分析,介绍了南京市堇菜属植物资源的种类、分布及观赏特性,阐述了堇菜属植物在园林绿化中的观赏应用价值,认为其在南京园林绿化中具有很大的开发应用前景。     

庐山野生岩石植物资源及其园林应用

通过多年野外调查和查阅相关文献资料,统计整理出庐山野生岩生植物约有81科191属418种(不含苔藓植物),其中,蕨类岩生植物的优势科有水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)和铁角蕨科(Aspleniaceae),以水龙骨科6属21种最为丰富;种子植物优势科有蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、石竹科(Caryophyllaceae)、菊科(Compositae)、玄参科(Scrophulariaceae)和百合科(Liliaceae),以蔷薇科7属22种最为丰富;按在园林应用中分为草本类、藤木类、灌木及矮乔类和蕨类。庐山野生岩生植物资源丰富,具有种类组成丰富、生活习性多样等特征。探讨了该类植物在园林绿化中的应用形式,并对当地岩生植物的开发利用提供一些建议。     

毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿整株丛的蒸腾特征

中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)是一种优良的防风固沙灌木。有关其蒸腾作用的测定研究多是通过对单叶或小枝蒸腾速率的测定值推算整株丛的蒸腾耗水。该研究选择在中间锦鸡儿株丛的主根安装“热扩散探针”来测定整株丛的蒸腾耗水。结果表明: 中间锦鸡儿整株丛液流量的日变化可划分为4个阶段: 1)液流量迅速上升阶段(8:00~11:30), 其液流量占全天液流量的21.21%; 2)液流量最高而相对稳定阶段(12:00~18:00), 液流量占全天液流量的58.84%; 3)液流量迅速降低阶段(18:30~21:00), 液流量占全天液流量的10.62%; 4)液流量最低而稳定阶段(21:30~次日8:00), 液流量占全天液流量的9.32%。从所观测的中间锦鸡儿整株丛液流量的日变化可以看出: 在午间(12:00~14:00), 中间锦鸡儿整株丛蒸腾虽因环境因子的影响(如云朵遮阴)会发生较小的波动, 但并没有出现明显的“午休”现象, 而是保持相对稳定的高蒸腾速率。环境因子对中间锦鸡儿整株丛液流量影响的强弱次序依次为: 太阳辐射>空气温度>水蒸气压亏缺>空气相对湿度>土壤温度>风速。液流量对环境因子变化的响应存在着明显的时滞现象。根据所测大、中、小3个中间锦鸡儿整株丛树干液流量数据, 计算出一个中等大小(株高为110 cm, 冠幅为0.6 m², 叶片总干重为51.82 g)的中间锦鸡儿整株丛在测定时间内的日蒸腾耗水量为2.2 kg · d^-1。