水深对苦草生长及叶片PSⅡ光化学特性的影响

利用植物效率仪(Handy-PEA)测定水深0.6、1.3、2.0 m下苦草叶片的快速荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP曲线),并采用JIP test方法分析和处理数据,研究水深对苦草生长和叶片光合机理的影响.结果表明: 随着水深增加,水下光强显著衰减,苦草生物量、无性系分株数、叶片数、根系总长度、根系表面积等形态指标显著降低,而最大叶长、平均叶长、最大叶宽无显著变化,2.0 m水深对苦草的生长产生了负面影响;单位反应中心吸收、捕获、电子传递、传递到电子传递末端的量子效率(ABS/RC、TR₀/RC、ET₀/RC、RE₀/RC)显著降低,单位反应中心的耗散量子效率(DI₀/RC)也显著下降,导致3种水深处理下单位反应中心吸收的能传递电子链末端的效率(φ_R0)以及用于电子传递的能量成功传递到电子链末端的效率(δ_R0)差异不显著,表明水深梯度对单位反应中心光合效率影响不显著;单位面积反应中心数(RC/CS₀)显著增加,相同受光面积时水深2.0 m处叶片光合作用显著强于水深0.6 m处;性能参数PI_abs、PI_cs和PI_abs,total显著提高,表明低光胁迫有利于光能向活跃化学能转变.苦草叶片通过激活未激活的反应中心,而不是提高单位反应中心光能利用效率来适应弱光强,且水深1.3 m较适合苦草生长.
     

入侵海南和广东的外来植物假臭草遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记技术分析了入侵植物假臭草(Eupatorium catarium Veldkamp)分布在广东和海南的8个种群的遗传多样性及遗传分化。10个引物共扩增出98个位点,多态性位点有9.8条,多态位点百分率为100%,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.4440,Nei指数(h)为0.2916,假臭草在物种水平具有较高的遗传多样性。Nei遗传分化系数Gst表明:72.39%遗传变异分布在种群内,27.61%的遗传变异分布在种群间。种群间的基因流较高,为1.3107。假臭草8个种群之间的遗传相似性很高,平均为0.8828;遗传距离较大,平均为0.1257。利用UPGMA法对8个种群进行聚类分析,假臭草8个自然种群分为3大类:海口、儋州、琼中、三亚、鹤山、阳江聚为一大类,琼海、徐闻各自单独为一类。经Mantel检验,8个假臭草种群的遗传距离和地理距离相关性不显著,推测假臭草的入侵途径可能是以人为扩散为主。     

广东罗坑自然保护区丽棘蜥的体温调节

2008年9~10月在广东省罗坑自然保护区,测定了丽棘蜥Acanthosaura lepidogaster在自然条件下的野外活动体温,实验室条件下的选择体温、热耐受性、静止状态下丽棘蜥的体温以及昼夜体温变化等热生物学指标。结果显示:在自然条件下,丽棘蜥的野外活动体温(Tb)高于基质温度(Ts)和空气温度(Ta),并与后二者呈正相关关系(Tb=2.938+0.994Ts,r2=0.926,F1,60=751.66,P0.0001;Tb=2.045+0.955Ta,r2=0.897,F1,60=523.39,P0.0001)。丽棘蜥的野外活动体温存在明显的月份间差异,但无年龄上的差异。环境温度为9~35℃的实验条件下,丽棘蜥的静止体温(Tb)与环境温度(Te)呈正相关关系:Tb=2.5446+0.8881Te(F1,73=156.34,r2=0.990,P0.001);在缺乏温度梯度的环境中,丽棘蜥的昼夜体温显著高于空气温度和基质温度(P0.05),并与后二者呈正相关关系(Tb=8.060+0.683Ta,r2=0.313,F1,70=31.86,P0.0001;Tb=9.101+0.614Ts,r2=0.258,F1,70=24.341,P0.0001)。丽棘蜥的选择体温、耐受低温和耐受高温分别是29.51℃±0.31℃、6.33℃±0.26℃和40.40℃±0.69℃。丽棘蜥的体温调节模式既有行为调节也有生理调节,但是相对于其他活动较多的蜥蜴而言,丽棘蜥的生理调节能力较弱,这可能与其运动能力比较强的行为特点有关。     

北五味子果实中果胶的超声提取工艺研究

采用超声波法提取北五味子果实中的果胶成份,咔唑-浓硫酸显色法测果胶得率,并应用正交试验设计对其提取工艺参数进行了优化。试验结果表明:各因素对北五味子果胶提取的影响顺序依次为超声功率提取温度料液比提取时间,最佳工艺参数为超声功率200 W,提取温度为65℃,料液比为1∶30,提取时间为50 min,果胶提取率为6.32%。     

Molecular Assessment and Taxonomic Status of the Rapid Racerunner （Eremias velox complex） with Particular Attention to the Populations in Northwestern China

The rapid racerunner,Eremias velox,is a widely distributed lizard from the northern Caucasus across entire Central Asia eastward to China.It is increasingly common to accept E.velox as a species complex in its entire range.To date,published morphological and molecular systematic hypotheses of this complex are only partially congruent,and its taxonomic status and evolutionary history are still far from clear.The mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and12S rRNA sequences were used to evaluate the taxonomy of this complex,with particular attention to the phylogenetic placement of populations in northwestern China.Examination of the phylogenetic analyses recovers seven distinct,biogeographically discrete,and well-supported clades,revealing genetically identifiable populations corresponding to some previously morphology-defined subspecies.Chinese E.v.roborowskii appears to have split from other Central Asian rapid racerunner lizards well before differentiation occurred among the latter taxa.Specifically,we corroborate that there are two subspecies occurring in China,i.e.,E.v.velox and E.v.roborowskii.We recommend a novel subspecific status for the phenotypically and genetically distinct populations in southern Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan previously assigned to E.v.velox.Finally,each of the three independently evolving lineages from Iranian Plateau should be recognized as three species new to science under the general lineage concept.     

MHC Class I Exon 4 in the Multiocellated Racerunners （Eremias multiocellata）： Polymorphism,Duplication and Selection

The major histocompatibility complex （MHC） is a dynamic genetic region with an essential role in the adaptive immunity of jawed vertebrates. The MHC polymorphism is affected by many processes such as birth-and- death evolution, gene conversion, and concerted evolution. Studies investigating the evolution of MHC class I genes have been biased toward a few particular taxa and model species. However, the investigation of this region in nonavian reptiles is still in its infancy. We present the first characterization of MHC class I genes in a species from the family Lacertidae. We assessed genetic diversity and a role of selection in shaping the diversity of MHC class I exon 4 among 37 individuals of Eremias multiocellata from a population in Lanzhou, China. We generated 67 distinct DNA sequences using cloning and sequencing methods, and identified 36 putative functional variants as well as two putative pseudogene-variants. We found the number of variants within an individual varying between two and seven, indicating that there are at least four MHC class I loci in this species. Gene duplication plays a role in increasing copy numbers of MHC genes and allelic diversity in this species. The class I exon 4 sequences are characteristic of low nucleotide diversity. No signal of recombination is detected, but purifying selection is detected in β2-microglobulin interaction sites and some other silent sites outside of the function-constraint regions. Certain identical alleles are shared by Eremias multiocellata and E. przewalskii and E. brenchleyi, suggesting trans-species polymorphism. The data are compatible with a birth-and-death model of evolution.     

连续单一除草剂应用情况下的转基因直播稻田杂草群落动态

【背景】转基因抗除草剂水稻种植将导致连年连续使用单一目标除草剂,势必会影响杂草群落结构的变化,但其变化规律至今还不十分明确。【方法】于2011~2013年,连续3年在直播种植抗草铵膦转基因Bar68-1水稻田中,使用灭生性除草剂草铵膦,持续观察期间杂草群落结构变化,并与常规选择性除草剂丙草胺—苄嘧磺隆（丙·苄）的应用情况进行对比,以揭示由于种植转基因抗除草剂水稻而使用单一除草剂对稻田杂草群落结构的影响。【结果】草铵膦和丙·苄连续使用后,杂草的物种丰富度和总杂草密度均逐年显著降低。随草铵膦使用年限增加,控草效果持续提高并达到优良水平,而常规选择性除草剂丙·苄的长期使用,致使多年生杂草双穗雀稗演替为群落的优势种,杂草密度呈逐年增加的趋势,导致生物多样性指数显著降低。【结论与意义】抗除草剂转基因水稻种植,在抗性杂草演化之前,不会因单一灭生性除草剂的应用而导致杂草群落迅速朝不良方向演替。长期的群落演替还需要进一步研究观察。     

荔枝草中一个新的倍半萜

为了研究荔枝草全草中的倍半萜类化学成分,该文运用大孔吸附树脂D101、MCI、硅胶和反相HPLC等色谱技术对其进行分离纯化,根据HR-ESI-MS、NMR波谱数据鉴定了化合物的结构。结果表明:从荔枝草全草95%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯部位中分离得到3个桉叶烷型倍半萜类化合物,分别鉴定为8-ethoxy-eudebeiolide B(1)、salplebeone D(2)、salplebeone A(3)。其中,化合物1为新化合物。     

Resistance of wheat varieties (lines) to the different geographic populations of Sitobion miscanthi

采用田间成株期自然感蚜法和室内苗期接虫法,鉴定12个小麦品种(系)对5个不同地区荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi)种群的抗性.结果表明,小麦品种(系)室内苗期的抗性表现与田间成株期基本一致;Amigo、KOK、北京837、铭贤169和红芒红对5个地理种群荻草谷网蚜的抗性表现相同,丰产3、中4无芒、JP①、晋麦31、L1、885479-2和小白冬麦对5个地理种群荻草谷网蚜种群的抗性表现则存在差异.研究表明我国荻草谷网蚜对抗蚜作物品种具有致害性分化.     

金发草LEA 3 基因两个剪接体转化酿酒酵母的抗非生物胁迫功能分析

对金发草(Pogonatherum paniceum)第3组LEA蛋白(PpLEA3)基因两个剪接体进行分析,并利用酿酒酵母表达系统分析两个剪接体在不同非生物胁迫的响应差异.以PpLEA3基因两个剪接体(PpLEA3.a和PpLEA3.b)的重组载体pMD19-T-PpLEA3.a和pMD19-T-PpLEA3.b为模板,PCR法构建酵母表达载体pYES2-PpLEA3.a和pYES2-PpLEA3.b,并转化酿酒酵母细胞得到重组菌INV-PpLEA3.a和INV-PpLEA3.b.通过比较重组菌和对照菌(转空载体pYES2)在NaCl、NaHCO3、低温、干旱、UV胁迫下的恢复生长状况,结果表明两种重组菌胁迫后的生长情况明显好于对照菌,两个剪接体对非生物胁迫抵抗力的大小为:PpLEA3.a＞PpLEA3.b.两个剪接体在核酸序列上的差异导致了在蛋白亲水性和结构上的差异,最终导致了在抗逆能力方面的差异.