黄河下游平原农业景观中非农生境植物多样性

农业景观中的自然、半自然生境及其上的植物群落对维持农业生态系统功能意义重大。为了解黄河下游典型平原农业景观中非农生境植物多样性特征,在对研究区景观格局分析的基础上,使用典型样地法对区域内农业景观中主要自然、半自然生境(包括林地、树篱、田间道路、沟渠等)进行调查。结果显示:研究区总体上为农业景观,居民点和林地斑块散布其间;区内植物科的地理分布以世界分布和泛热带分布为主,属的地理成分复杂,具有中国15个种子植物属分布区类型中的13个,以温带分布、世界分布和泛热带分布为主,总体上以广布种为主,优势科属明显,缺少特有种;林地和树篱具有较高的物种丰富度和多样性,沟渠和林地的物种均匀度和群落盖度最高,田间道路上群落组成的变化幅度和分化程度最大(β多样性指数最高);林地、树篱和田间道路等生境间的群落相似性极高,但其群落盖度和优势种组成具有显著差异,沟渠作为一种特殊生境与其他生境间相似性较低。研究表明,在黄河下游平原农业景观中,林地和树篱在物种多样性维持中作用较大,沟渠为水生和湿生植物提供了庇护所,不同生境间极高的群落相似性仅是物种组成名录的反映,而其生态功能存在显著差异。未来区内的生物多样性保护应重在生态系统功能和服务的维持及提高,而如何进行景观要素配置,才能兼顾农业生产力的可持续性和生态系统功能维持,尚需进一步探讨。     

Spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in desert of the lower Tarim River basin

AimsRevealing the spatial pattern of riparian vegetation in hyper-arid regions can improve our understanding on the water relations of riparian vegetation in the desert watershed ecosystem, and also can provide valuable scientific guidance for desertification control and water resources management of watershed of the arid region in northwestern China. This research objective is to show the spatial distribution and structures of typical riparian vegetation in hyper-arid desert watershed from regional and overall perspective.Methods Based on Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing images and a large number of field vegetation surveys, the supervised classification method was used to distinguish three main vegetation categories in the lower Tarim River basin: Tamarix thicket, Populus euphratica woodland, and Phragmites australis grassland. The leaf area index (LAI) of Tamarix thickets and Populus euphratica woodlands were inverted by using the remote-sensed LAI inversion empirical model that we developed.Important findings Supervised classification supporting abundant information of ground objects by remote sensing was an effective method to determine desert riparian vegetation categories in arid desert regions. The area was 336.4 km² for the Populus euphratica woodlands and 405.3 km² for the Tamarix thickets, respectively. The Tamarix thickets had a wider distribution range while the Populus euphratica woodlands grew near the river channel. The overall LAI of the riparian vegetation was low. The average LAI value was 0.253 for the Tamarix thickets and 0.252 for the Populus euphratica woodlands. The areas of vegetation with the LAI value of less than 0.5 accounted for 92.4% and 90.1% of the total area of the Tamarix thickets and the Populus euphratica woodlands, respectively. The statistic results showed that large spatial variability of the riparian vegetation LAI existed. The spatial variability of the Populus euphratica woodlands was larger than that of the Tamarix thickets. The LAI values of the riparian vegetation had a significant negative exponential relationship with the distances away from the river channel. The LAI values declined rapidly within the distance of 1 km from the river channel and they were generally lower than 0.1 when the distances beyond 1 km, which indicated that the riparian vegetation was mainly distributed within 1 km from both side of the river. This research indicated three basic characteristics of the spatial pattern in riparian vegetation from hyper-arid desert regions, including overall sparse spatial distribution, high spatial variability and negative exponential relationship between LAI and distance away from the river channel.     

基于“源-汇”理论的资江下游地区非点源污染风险区划

开展非点源污染风险评估及区划研究对流域生态环境保护、土地利用结构调整和优化具有重要意义。以2010、2018年两期资江下游地区土地利用覆盖数据为基础,基于“源-汇”景观格局理论识别“源”、“汇”景观,综合考虑非点源污染发生和迁移因子的前提下,借助景观空间负荷对比指数(LCI)、非点源污染负荷指数(NPPRI),分析非点源污染风险的时空变化特征;通过识别非点源污染风险中的关键因子,对资江下游非点源污染区划进行分析。结果表明: 研究区非点源污染发生风险总体较低,“汇”景观为主的子流域占61.2%;非点源污染风险呈现西南低,东北平原区以及资江干流、志溪河、桃花江沿岸偏高的空间特征;2010—2018年,非点源污染风险呈现升高趋势,农村居民点、耕地的扩张及林地缩减对非点源污染发生风险分别具有正向与负向的响应关系;LCI、坡度、距离是影响非点源污染风险指数变化的关键因子。在此基础上,将资江下游地区划分为4个控制区,即近河道污染治理区、低坡地污染控制区、生态恢复-风险防控区、生态优先保护区。     

塔里木河下游湿地面积时序变化及对生态输水的响应

及时了解和定量分析荒漠区河岸带湿地月度时序变化趋势及对生态输水过程的响应, 对认识湿地生态修复过程, 改进生态输水策略, 维护湿地生态系统稳定具有重要意义。该文基于Landsat ETM+/TM/OLI和Sentinel 2形成的月尺度的密集长时序遥感数据, 分析2000-2018年塔里木河下游英苏-阿拉干之间的湿地时序变化特征, 并评估湿地变化对生态输水过程的响应。结果表明: 近19年来湿地面积持续增加, 其中2011-2013年和2017-2018年是面积快速增加的时段。不同的单、双通道输水方式和输水量大小解释了喀尔达依湿地与博孜库勒湿地在不同时段增长的快慢。对湿地面积与生态输水量、地下水埋深关系的分析表明, 累计生态输水量的持续增加是近20年来塔里木河下游河岸带湿地扩张的重要因素, 每年大于3.5亿m ³的双通道生态输水, 地下水埋深维持在-5.0- -3.5 m是湿地持续稳定增长的关键。     

下游工艺开拓中如何系统地筛选离子交换层析介质

下游层析工艺开拓中,选择层析介质最重要的因素包括纯度、动力载量和凝胶的使用寿命。本文作者示范了介质的动力载量及其回收率的重要区别。     

塔里木河下游21种荒漠植物繁殖体形态特征及对环境的适应

以塔里木河下游分属于9科16属的21种荒漠植物为对象,调查了它们的植冠种子库情况以及繁殖体的附属物、形状(三维方差)、大小(三维之和)及质量(百粒重)等形态特征,并探讨了各种繁殖体的生态适应对策.结果表明:(1)13种荒漠植物可利用植冠种子库来躲避环境干扰:7种繁殖体具绢毛,2种繁殖体具翅,1种繁殖体具芒,3种繁殖体具冠毛,可利用风力实现传播与定居,而且它们可利用有水时期的速萌特性来适应当地生态输水这一辅助措施;5种繁殖体形状远离球形(三维方差≥0.126),6种繁殖体形状接近圆球形(三维方差＜0.06).(2)5种具速萌特性的繁殖体(形状圆筒形、圆锥形和蝌蚪形)与8种具有持久土壤种子库的繁殖体(三维方差较小≤0.1且三维之和≤2.75 mm)利用它们互补的生态适应对策使其在研究区成功定居与繁衍; 13种以r-型生活史对策为主且粒小质轻的繁殖体(三维之和≤2.75 mm,单粒重<1 mg)与4种粒大质重的繁殖体(三维之和≥4.8 mm,单粒重＞3.3 mg)利用其互补式繁殖对策将研究区生物多样性维持于一定水平.(3)7～9月份为一年生草本、多年生草本、(半)灌木植物及乔木同时落种的时期,可将人工输水集中于这一时期以实现研究区种子最大数量地萌发.     

The Distribution of Japonica Rice Cultivars in the Lower Region of the Yangtze River Valley is Determined by Its Photoperiod-sensitivity and Heading Date Genotypes

There are generally four recognized classes of japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley. The geographical distribution of the four classes is latitude-dependent. Variation for heading date （HD） among 29 japonica rice cultivars grown in the lower region of the Yangtze River valley and belonging to the four classes was characterized, and their sensitivity to variations in photoperiod and temperature was analyzed. All of the cultivars were sensitive to both photoperiod and temperature. A regression analysis showed that HD is closely correlated with photoperiod sensitivity （PS）. The PS of the four classes increased gradually from the medium maturing middle （MMM） types, through the late maturing middle （LMM） and early maturing late （EML） types to the medium maturing late （MML） types. Crosses with tester lines established that almost all of the cultivars carry the dominant early-heading allele at Ef-1, the photoperiod insensitive allele e2 and the PS alleles E1 or E1^t. Most of the MMM, LMM and MML types carry the insensitive allele e3, while EML types have either E3 or E3^t. At Se-1, MMM and LMM types have Se-1^e, some EML types have Se-1^e and others Se-1^n, while the MML types are mostly Se-fn. The PS of some MMM, LMM and EML types is reduced by the presence of hd2. These results show that the distribution of the four rice cultivar classes from high latitude to low latitude regions depended on a gradual increase in PS, which is mainly determined by its HD genotypes.     

不同地下水埋深下胡杨叶片生理指标变化特点

根据2001年至2007年以来对胡杨叶片生理指标的测定结果和同时期地下水埋深监测的分析,可以初步得出如下的一些结论：输水后随着地下水埋深变浅,水分胁迫程度减轻,胡杨叶片的多个生理指标发生明显的变化,并且这种变化与地下水埋深变化的趋势表现出一定的相关性。从所测的胡杨叶片的10个生理指标的变化看,叶绿素、可溶性糖和ABA等指标与地下水埋深的变化的相关关系较好、显著性较高,可以在今后的研究中作为胡杨所受干旱胁迫程度的主要衡量指标;MDA和CTK等指标可以作为参考指标来判断胡杨所受的水分胁迫程度;而Pro、SOD、POD、GA₃和IAA等指标对地下水埋深的变化表现不敏感。     

COMMUNITY COMPOSITION AND NICHE CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF DOMINANT SPECIES IN THE WIND-BREAKING AND SAND-FIXING FOREST, XINJIANG, CHINA

 以塔里木河下游绿洲外围大型防风固沙林为研究对象, 采用基于Simpson多样性指数的生态位宽度公式和Pianka生态位重叠测度公式, 在群落梯度上按重要值大小筛选出优势种群进行生态位分析, 探讨这些群落在4~7年的发育过程中生态位变化特点。结果表明: 1)经过4年的发育, 植物种组成简单的人工防风固沙林由于乡土植物种的侵入, 演变成为人工-天然植物群落, 不同地段群落中的优势种群发生了较大的变化, 优势种群共7个。芦苇(Phragmites communis)、花花柴(Karelinia caspica)和盐生草(Halogeton glomeratus)这3个乡土植物种侵入后逐渐成为优势种群, 而原人工群落主要建群种宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)种群逐渐消退; 7年后, 优势种群共6个。由于水分条件的变化, 多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)成为优势种群, 而芦苇降为亚优势种群, 盐生草种群发生消退; 2)人工-天然植物群落中优势种群以耐旱耐盐碱植物占主要优势向占绝对优势的方向发展, 其生态位宽度变化幅度为0.56~0.86, 生态位宽度排序为芦苇>花花柴>头状沙拐枣(Calligonum caput-medusae)>沙枣(Elaeagnus angustifolia)>胡杨(Populus euphratica)>多枝柽柳>梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)>盐生草; 3)生态位重叠最大值发生在头状沙拐枣和胡杨种群之间; 4)在乡土植物种向人工群落侵入的过程中, 生态位宽度较大(或较小)的种群, 它们所构成的种对间生态位重叠既有较大的, 也有较小的, 可见生态位宽度与生态位重叠程度无相关性; 表明在现阶段群落演变中, 植物对环境资源存在着激烈的竞争和高的空间异质性。     

怒江大峡谷及下游地区7个云南少数民族YAP位点的多态性研究

本文以怒江大峡谷及下游地区的独龙族、怒族、僳僳族、阿昌族、景颇族、德昂族和傣族7个云南特有少数民族为对象,利用PCR分型法筛查Y染色体特异区YAP位点的多态性分布。结果显示：怒族的YAP^ 频率为1.82%,景颇族为12.50%,傣族为10.00%,其他4个民族群体均为YAP^-。