蚯触圈源啶虫脒降解菌D35的分离鉴定及其降解条件优化

【背景】啶虫脒等新烟碱类杀虫剂的残留易对非靶标生物造成伤害,投加高效降解细菌进行生物强化,可促进其快速降解。【目的】从蚯触圈中分离筛选啶虫脒降解菌并优化其降解条件,提高降解效率。【方法】制备蚯触圈基质富集筛选降解菌;通过生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定;利用单因素筛选、Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验及Box-Behnken design试验优化菌株降解条件。【结果】分离得到1株啶虫脒降解菌D35,可在72 h内降解55.46%初始浓度为50 mg/L的啶虫脒,将其鉴定为一株假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.)。优化得到菌株降解啶虫脒的最佳环境条件为：胰蛋白胨10.19 g/L、温度为30℃、接种量为5.24%,pH 7.0、初始农药浓度50 mg/L,在此条件下72 h内菌株降解率为80.21%,较未优化前提高了24.75%。【结论】本研究对分离筛选新烟碱类杀虫剂降解菌的方法进行了探索,获得的菌株D35可高效降解啶虫脒,为快速消除环境中啶虫脒污染提供了新的微生物资源。     

附子白绢病菌拮抗菌的鉴定、发酵条件优化及抑菌效果

【背景】附子白绢病是由齐整小核菌(Sclerotiumrolfsii)引起的一种土传细菌性病害,该病原菌严重影响附子的生产。【目的】筛选出对附子白绢病具有生防效果的菌株,并将其用于病害防治。【方法】利用平板涂布法和划线法从黄粉虫蛹体分离菌株,平板对峙法筛选对齐整小核菌具有较强拮抗能力的菌株,通过形态学观察、生理生化试验、16S rRNA基因测序分析确定其分类地位;以单因素试验对发酵条件进行优化,并初步测定拮抗菌的菌悬液、挥发性气体和发酵液对齐整小核菌菌丝的抑制效果。【结果】筛选出的拮抗菌株将其编号为N2,初步鉴定为暹罗芽孢杆菌(Bacillus siamensis);菌株N2最佳培养基配方(g/L)：胰蛋白胨10.0,酵母浸粉5.0,蔗糖20.0;最佳培养条件：初始pH 6.0,温度36℃,转速240 r/min,装液量30 mL,接菌量0.05%;其菌悬液、挥发性气体和发酵液均能有效抑制白绢病菌菌丝的生长;胞外酶测定结果显示该菌株可产生蛋白酶和纤维素酶,不产嗜铁素。【结论】菌株N2对附子白绢病具有较好的抑制效果,在生物防治中具有较好的应用潜力和较高的研究价值。     

Optimization for growth of Rhodocyclus gelatinosus in seafood processing effluents

Tuna condensate was a better substrate than shrimp-blanching water or effluent from a frozen-seafood plant for growing Rhodocyclus gelatinosus under anaerobic conditions in the light. One strain out of four examined, R7, gave the highest biomass (4.0 g/l), cell yield (0.32 g cell/g COD), and COD removal (78%) in 1:10 (v/v) diluted tuna condensate. Shrimp-blanching water added to the tuna condensate further increased growth rate, biomass and COD removal. Optimal growth was at pH 7.0 and 3000 Lux light intensity. Acetate, pyruvate, glucose, glutamate, propionate or malate added to the tuna condensate did not increase cell yield, carotenoid or bacteriochlorophyll content or biomass protein. A maximum cell mass of 5.6 g/l (containing 50% protein) and 86% COD removal were obtained after 5 days' incubation under optimal conditions.     

松嫩平原黑土区不同养分循环结构农业经营制度比较研究

采用模拟养分循环开展长期定位试验的方法对黑土区不同养分循环结构农业经营制度进行了比较研究,结果表明,有机－无机相结合的农业制度包括传统农业与“石油农业”两者之长,是我国农业生产常久不衰、提高系统生产力和养分循环再利用的有效途径．     

犬肠缺血─再灌流诱发MSOF时血浆游离氨基酸变化

我们用饲菌加肠缺血的动物模型,测定了缺血─再灌流诱发ＭＳＯＦ的９只犬血浆游离氨基酸的浓度,结果表明,伤后含硫、支链和芳香族氨基酸有不同程度的升高,发生ＭＳＯＦ时显著升高（Ｐ＜０．００１）;总氨基酸升高显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）;必需氨基酸升高了５０％。     

Optimization of culture conditions for the production of rifamycin oxidase by Curvularia lunata

Maximum activity (8.9 IU/ml) of rifamycin oxidase in Curvularia lunata, grown in shake-flask culture at 28°C and pH 6.5, was after 96 h. Nearly all the glucose was used in 72 h. An initial culture pH of 6.5 and 28°C were optimum for the growth and enzyme production. Among various carbon and organic nitrogen sources, carboxymethylcellulose and peptone were the most effective for enzyme yield. The rate of enzyme production was enhanced when yeast extract was also added to the medium. The optimum medium for the production of rifamycin oxidase contained 10 g each of yeast extract, peptone and carboxymethylcellulose/l and 0.04% (NH₄)₂SO₄.The author is with the Biochemical Engineering Research and Process Development Centre, Institute of Microbial Technology, Post Box 1304, Sector 39-A, Chandigarh 160 014, India     

Online measurement of the viscosity in shake flasks enables monitoring of γ-PGA production in depolymerase knockout mutants of Bacillus subtilis with the phosphate-starvation inducible promoter Ppst

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a biopolymer with a wide range of applications, mainly produced using Bacillus strains. The formation and concomitant secretion of γ-PGA increases the culture broth viscosity, while enzymatic depolymerisation and degradation of γ-PGA decreases the culture broth viscosity. In this study, the recently published ViMOS (V iscosity M onitoring O nline S ystem) is applied for optical online measurements of broth viscosity in eight parallel shake flasks. It is shown that the ViMOS is suitable to monitor γ-PGA production and degradation online in shake flasks. This online monitoring enables the detailed analysis of the P_pst promoter and γ-PGA depolymerase knockout mutants in genetically modified Bacillus subtilis 168. The P_pst promoter becomes active under phosphate starvation. The different single depolymerase knockout mutants are ∆ggt, ∆pgdS, ∆cwlO and a triple knockout mutant. An increase in γ-PGA yield in g_γ-PGA/g_glucose of 190% could be achieved with the triple knockout mutant compared to the P_pst reference strain. The single cwlO knockout also increased γ-PGA production, while the other single knockouts of ggt and pgdS showed no impact. Partial depolymerisation of γ-PGA occurred despite the triple knockout. The online measured data are confirmed with offline measurements. The online viscosity system directly reflects γ-PGA synthesis, γ-PGA depolymerisation, and changes in the molecular weight. Thus, the ViMOS has great potential to rapidly gain detailed and reliable information about new strains and cultivation conditions. The broadened knowledge will facilitate the further optimization of γ-PGA production.     

Representation of DNA sequences in recombinant DNA libraries prepared by restriction enzyme partial digestion

We present a theoretical study of the fraction of sequences incorporated in a recombinant DNA partial digest library as a function of the size of the library. The fraction incorporated depends on the degree of restriction enzyme partial digestion. If all restriction sites in the target DNA can be cleaved with the same rate, optimum incorporation of sequences is observed when the number average length of the digested DNA equals the desired average length of the cloned insert. Overdigestion severely reduces the fraction of sequences present in a sample of clones. Heterogeneity in restriction enzyme cleavage rates also reduces the fraction incorporated, and underdigestion improves sequence representation in the face of cleavage rate heterogeneity. Practical methods for determining the number average length of partially digested DNAs are also presented.     

Xenopus laevis larvae (Amphibia,Anura) as model suspension feeders

Larvae of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), are efficient, obligate suspension feeders. We examine the relationship between the ambient particle concentration offered these larvae as food and their filtering, ingestion, and buccal pumping rates. We demonstrate that: (i) the larvae can sense and respond to a broad range of particle concentrations, down to 0.2 mg 1^–1 (dry weight); (ii) their metabolic needs theoretically can be met by particle concentrations as low as 5 mg 1^–1; and (iii) their patterns of regulation of filtering and ingestion fit predictions from certain models used to describe zooplankton feeding dynamics. Two such models are discussed: the modified Monod (Michaelis-Menten) model, with a lower threshold below which the tadpoles do not feed, and an energy optimization model. Both the models and the observed behavior of the tadpoles allow for stability of populations of food organisms. Tadpole feeding dynamics apparently are compatible with both the predictions and assumptions of these models, suggesting similar regulation of feeding by tadpoles and zooplankton. However, the size, morphology, and behavior of X. laevis larvae make their feeding regulation uniquely accessible to direct observation.Contribution No. 223, Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.Contribution No. 223, Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.     

Further investigation on the lateral and transversal proton currents at the thylakoid membrane level by hydrogen-deuterium exchange

Energetically-coupled processes (electron flow, proton uptake and correlated pH gradient) were investigated on envelope-free chloroplasts of lettuce suspended in ¹H₂O or ²H₂O media. Study of the light-intensity and temperature dependencies of these phenomena led to the following observations: 1. At neutral pH, ²H₂O diminishes the transmembrane H⁺ gradient in strong light (chain Photosystem II + Photosystem I) but not in low light; the total H⁺ uptake is increased at all light intensities: the buffering capacity of the inner compartment is increased in heavy water, possibly through enhancement of interactions between membranous titrable groups and the aqueous phase. 2. ²H₂O does not affect the photochemical events of the redox chain, whatever the electron pathway (PSII, PSI or PSII + PSI): only thermal steps are inhibited. The diminution of the apparent quantum yield, sometimes observed, may be ascribed to the dual site of action of the artificial redox carrier (ferricyanide) then used. 3. ²H₂O does not modify the activation energy of the limiting step of the electron flow (PSII + PSI) in uncoupled (44 vs. 47 kJ · mol^?1) or — but less clearly — in coupled, i.e., ‘basal’, state (55 vs. 59 kJ · mol^?1). ²H₂O does not either change the temperature of the phase transition of the membrane (17°C) for the uncoupled flow. However, a low-temperature transition, observed only for the coupled chain, is slightly increased by ²H₂O; this thermal transition is attributed to the freezing of some bound water near the plastoquinone pool. 4. Δp²H is smaller than Δp¹H at all temperatures (PSII + PSI chain). ΔpH is quasi-constant from 0°C to 10°C, then decreases when temperature rises. ²H₂O does not change the activation energy of the dark passive H⁺ efflux, which is almost twice that of the coupled electron flow. The phase transition at low temperature suggests that the proton efflux occurs via two parallel pathways, one temperature-dependent and the other temperature-independent. Except for the increase of the internal buffering capacity, the effects of ²H₂O on the membrane conformation seem limited, as shown by the unchanged activation energies of the electron flow and of the H⁺ leakage. The null activation energy observed at low temperature emphasizes the role of the bound water in these processes; however, the different effects of ²H₂O on the transition temperatures indicate that this bound water has different properties when associated with the translocation sites or with the H⁺ leakage ones. This ‘microcompartmentation’ of the membranes is consistent with the concept of lateral pH heterogeneity we have previously suggested (de Kouchkovsky, Y., and Haraux, F. (1981) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 99, 205–212). The theoretical computations and the experimental results suggest that in the steady state, the internal pH would be several tenths of a ‘unit’ lower near the plastoquinones than near the H⁺ efflux sites (coupling factors); this difference would be increased when ²H₊ replaces ¹H⁺, owing to the lower mobility of the deuteron. It is concluded that local, and not average, pH (and ΔpH) should be considered for the understanding of the energy transduction processes.