地果的转录组学分析

为探究地果(Ficus tikoua)的遗传变异特征,利用Illumina HiSeq-2500平台获取地果的基因表达谱。结果表明,共获得了197 362个转录本,总长度和平均长度分别为114 072 125和577 bp。使用BlastX和BlastN共注释了139 992个转录本(占总数的70.93%)。从3个品种叶片和茎的6对样品中,分别鉴定了12 397、12 340、10 373、94 431、71 830和44 465个差异表达基因,以及注释了126、129、125、134、138和137条代谢途径。这将有助于理解地果的遗传特征,以及不同组织中代谢途径的变化。     

Within-tree distribution of Ricania shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) eggs on chestnuts

Within-tree distribution of an insect pest is useful to determine sample unit, sampling location, and required sample number for this pest within a tree. This study was conducted to characterize the within-tree distribution pattern and determine an efficient sample unit for eggs of Ricania shantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) on a chestnut tree. A total of 60 chestnut trees were randomly selected from chestnut fields in Gongju-Si and Buyeo-Gun, Korea in 2019. For each tree, 12 branches were cut at three vertical heights (low, middle, and high) in four cardinal directions (east, west, south, and north). The cut branches were observed for counting the number of egg masses per 10 cm from the branch tip. Coefficient of variation (CV) and coefficient of determination (r²) were calculated and used to determine an optimal sample unit for eggs of R. shantungensis on chestnut trees. Numbers of R. shantungensis egg masses were not significantly different (P > 0.05) vertically and horizontally within a tree. Based on CV and r² values, the 50 cm branch tip would be the optimal sample unit for R. shantungensis eggs. Using this small sample unit for sampling of R. shantungensis eggs could be economical and efficient.     

Evaluation of resistance to permethrin,cypermethrin and deltamethrin in different populations of Musca domestica (L.), collected from the Iranian dairy cattle farms

The house fly, Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae), is a major pest for human and livestock health and is also resistant to different insecticides. Herein, six M. domestica populations were collected, five of them from industrial cattle farms and the Koohrang population from a remote area as a susceptible population. The resistance/susceptibility of populations to three pyrethroids was evaluated. High levels of permethrin resistance were observed in all field populations and the resistance ratios (RRs) were estimated to vary from 52- to 129-fold. Resistant populations also exhibited resistance to other pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin), with RRs ranging between 45- and 180-fold. According to synergistic (piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate and triphenyl phosphate) and enzymatic assays, resistant populations exhibited multiple resistance phenotypes. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and carboxylesterases (CarEs) were found to be involved in pyrethroid resistance in Isfahan population, P450s and GSTs in Mobarake population and CarEs detoxified pyrethroids in Natanz and Alavijeh populations. As substitution of Leucine (CTT) with Phenylalanine (TTT) at position 1014 of the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) gene is the most common mutation conferring resistance to pyrethroids in M. domestica, we sequenced a partial fragment of IIS6 and L1014F mutation was detected in all resistant populations. The present study provides valuable information for early detection of pyrethroid resistance and developing resistance management strategies in the house fly populations.     

Insect cytokine growth-blocking peptide may regulate density-dependent phase trait of cuticular melanization in the larval armyworm,Mythimna separata

Growth-blocking peptide (GBP) is a 25 amino acid insect cytokine found in lepidopteran insects that has diverse biological activities such as larval growth regulation, paralysis induction, cell proliferation and stimulation of immune cells. Density-dependent phase polyphenism is a phenomenon of phenotypic plasticity in which the expression of a variety of traits can be affected by local population density. In the present study, the armyworm Mythimna separata larvae with four rearing densities (1 larva/vial, 2 larvae/vial, 4 larvae/vial and 6 larvae/vial) were tested for cuticular melanization and body weight throughout the third-fifth instar, and the functional role of GBP in regulating the changes was investigated. The results indicated that when reared at high densities, the larvae exhibited less body weight and more degree of cuticular melanization than larvae reared at low densities. The gene expression of GBP in armyworm larvae showed an initial rise and then decline trend with increased rearing densities in the third to fifth instar. Compared with control, more degree of cuticular melanization was observed in GBP-injected larvae (500 ng/larva in volume 50 μL) than that in Ringer’s solution-injected counterparts. Furthermore, the gene expression level of dopa decarboxylase and prophenoloxidase increased significantly in GBP-injected fifth instar larvae from 6 h to 12 h after injection, suggesting the role of GBP in modulating density-dependent phase trait of armyworm cuticular melanization.     

Benzylideneacetone and other phenylethylamide bacterial metabolites induce apoptosis to kill insects

Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus are entomopathogenic bacteria that can induce immunosuppression against target insects by suppressing eicosanoid biosynthesis, leading to fatal septicemia. These bacteria can synthesize and release secondary metabolites such as benzylideneacetone (BZA) and other phenylethylamide compounds that can inhibit phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂) and shut down eicosanoid biosynthesis. However, insecticidal activities of these bacterial metabolites remain unclear. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess cytotoxicities of BZA and seven other bacterial metabolites to insect cells. These eight bacterial metabolites exhibited significant cytotoxicities against an insect cell line Sf9 at micromolar range. Especially, BZA and cPY were highly potent at low micromolar range. When these eight bacterial metabolites were injected to hemocoels of Spodoptera exigua larvae, they significantly decreased total count of hemocytes. In Sf9 cell line and hemocytes, these bacterial metabolites induced cell membrane blebbings, apoptotic vesicles, and genomic DNA fragmentation. Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase nick end translation assay showed that these bacterial metabolites caused significant DNA breakages in cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, a pan caspase inhibitor treatment significantly rescued the cell death induced by these bacterial metabolites. Cytotoxicities of these bacterial metabolites were highly correlated with their insecticidal activities. These results indicate that the insecticidal activities of the bacterial metabolites may be induced by their apoptotic activities against hemocytes and other insect cells. Taken together, these results suggest that phenylethylamide compounds might have potential as novel insecticides.     

PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫对黄秋葵种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

为了解黄秋葵(Abelmoschusesculentus)对干旱胁迫的应答机制,采用PEG-6000溶液模拟干旱胁迫,对‘纤指’和‘红秋葵’品种的种子萌发和幼苗的生理特性进行研究。结果表明,两品种的种子吸水率、发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、简易活力指数,幼苗下胚轴长、根长、苗鲜重和苗干重均随PEG-6000浓度的增加呈下降的趋势,旱害率则不断增加。PEG-6000浓度为20%时,两品种的种子均未能发芽。幼苗的SOD、POD和CAT活性和可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、丙二醛含量随PEG-6000浓度的增加而增加,且均PEG-6000浓度为15%时最高。因此,干旱胁迫会抑制黄秋葵种子的萌发,提高细胞内含物的含量,同时引发其抗氧化系统的响应。     

喀斯特天然林植物多样性指数和土壤理化指标的相关性

植物多样性的土壤生态系统功能是喀斯特生态学研究的热点之一。在贵州省茂兰国家级自然保护区不同功能区(干扰等级)内采用野外样地调查和实验室分析相结合的方法,分析了41个喀斯特森林样地的植物多样性指数和土壤理化指标值的变化规律与相关性。结果表明:(1)依据乔木层物种重要值聚类法划分的5个喀斯特森林类型包括小叶栾树-青冈栎林、香叶树-枫香林、香椿-香叶树林、灯台-小花梾木林和檵木-马尾松林,由核心区、缓冲区、实验区至外缘区,乔木层植物多样性指数、林地岩石裸露率、土壤蓄水量、肥力及养分指标呈降低趋势。(2)因子分析表明不同层片植物多样性和不同土层土壤理化因子的相关趋势性各异。相关显著的因子对数量率呈乔木灌木草本的趋势,乔木植物多样性因子起主导作用。(3)喀斯特森林乔木层植物多样性指数和土壤理化指标的相关性分3种类型。直线型是植物多样性指数和土壤理化指标值相关性中较普遍的一类,相应指标对数量率为39.84%;曲线型是植物多样性指数和土壤理化指标值相关性中机理较复杂的一类,相应指标对数量率为46.10%,其中植物多样性指数有拐点值无生态意义的指标对数量率为11.72%,有拐点值有生态意义且呈先降后升、或先升后降趋势的指标对数量率分别为17.19%;无关型是植物多样性指数和土壤理化指标值相关性不显著,相应指标对数量率为54.69%。(4)喀斯特地区水土资源管理为目标的营林措施中,天然林乔木层植物多样性指数对土壤物理、肥力和养分指标响应的拐点值可成为人工造林中物种数量与株数比例选择的参考依据之一。     

Immobilized Baliospermum montanum hydroxynitrile lyase catalyzed synthesis of chiral cyanohydrins

Hydroxynitrile lyase (HNL) catalyzed enantioselective CC bond formation is an efficient approach to synthesize chiral cyanohydrins which are important building blocks in the synthesis of a number of fine chemicals, agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals. Immobilization of HNL is known to provide robustness, reusability and in some cases also enhances activity and selectivity.We optimized the preparation of immobilization of Baliospermium montanum HNL (BmHNL) by cross linking enzyme aggregate (CLEA) method and characterized it by SEM. Optimization of biocatalytic parameters was performed to obtain highest % conversion and ee of (S)-mandelonitrile from benzaldehyde using CLEA-BmHNL. The optimized reaction parameters were: 20 min of reaction time, 7 U of CLEA-BmHNL, 1.2 mM substrate, and 300 mM citrate buffer pH 4.2, that synthesized (S)-mandelonitrile in ∼99% ee and ∼60% conversion. Addition of organic solvent in CLEA-BmHNL biocatalysis did not improve in % ee or conversion of product unlike other CLEA-HNLs. CLEA-BmHNL could be successfully reused for eight consecutive cycles without loss of conversion or product formation and five cycles with a little loss in enantioselectivity. Eleven different chiral cyanohydrins were synthesized under optimal biocatalytic conditions in up to 99% ee and 59% conversion, however the % conversion and ee varied for different products. CLEA-BmHNL has improved the enantioselectivity of (S)-mandelonitrile synthesis compared to the use of purified BmHNL. Nine aldehydes not tested earlier with BmHNL were converted into their corresponding (S)-cyanohydrins for the first time using CLEA-BmHNL. Among the eleven (S)-cyanohydrins syntheses reported here, eight of them have not been synthesized by any CLEA-HNL. Overall, this study showed preparation, characterization of a stable, robust and recyclable biocatalyst i.e. CLEA-BmHNL and its biocatalytic application in the synthesis of different (S)-aromatic cyanohydrins.     

石漠化地区饲用植物资源概况及其开发应用分析

我国饲用植物资源丰富、种类繁多,是草地资源的主要组成部分。开发利用饲用植物资源,不仅有利于缓解畜牧业发展过程中饲草、饲料紧缺的现状,有助于破解"人畜争粮"的问题,而且能够满足在石漠化综合治理中草食畜牧工程建设的需要,促进石漠化地区生态恢复,达到治石与治贫相结合的目的。该文通过查阅文献资料调查石漠化地区饲用植物资源的概况,并对饲用植物资源的生态价值、经济价值和社会价值进行研究。同时,针对饲用植物综合开发利用,分析其在石漠化地区生态恢复、区域经济发展以及生态文明建设中的作用,并从饲用植物自身特性、石漠化地区地质地貌特点以及当地居民的意识等方面出发,探讨了石漠化地区饲用植物资源开发利用存在的问题,提出了相应的解决对策,并指出综合开发利用石漠化地区饲用植物资源,有利于促进石漠化地区草食畜牧业的发展,有利于促进石漠化地区生态文明建设与区域经济发展,是缓解人地矛盾、促进石漠化综合治理的有效途径,具有较大的开发利用前景。     

喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓抗氧化防御系统对干旱胁迫的响应

为科学选择石漠化环境恢复治理的植物材料和深入了解岩生植物的耐旱机制,以喀斯特石生穗枝赤齿藓(Erythrodoutium juluceum)为实验材料,研究了干旱胁迫对其抗氧化酶防御系统的影响。结果表明:超氧化酶歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性,超氧阴离子(O-2·)、丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现出先升后降的趋势;类胡萝卜素(Car)含量一直升高,质膜相对透性呈现出"抛物线"的变化趋势,可溶性蛋白含量波动变化。因此,干旱胁迫早期由于O-2·等活性氧的增加而启动活性氧清除系统进行清除,是抵御干旱的一种协同反应;后期穗枝赤齿藓依然保持较强的自由基清除能力,具有极强的耐旱能力。所以在长期的进化过程中,喀斯特石生藓类形成具有适合干旱变化的系列生理和代谢机制,通过形态上的变化来降低水分的散失,通过生理上的调整来应付环境的恶劣变化,这对于在石漠化地区揭示苔藓植物的抗逆机制,利用苔藓植物的先锋拓荒作用治理石漠化生态环境以及对退化生态系统进行人工恢复治理具有重要价值。