内蒙古温带荒漠草原能量平衡特征及其驱动因子

基于内蒙古苏尼特左旗温带荒漠草原生态系统观测站2008年全年的涡度相关观测与相应的生物、环境观测资料,对生态系统能量平衡特征及其驱动因子分析表明:能量平衡各分量(净辐射,Rn;感热通量,H;潜热通量,LE;土壤热通量,G)呈单峰型日动态,白天大部分时间H/RnG/RnLE/Rn;夜间G/Rn占主导;全天LE/Rn相对较小,即使在植物生长盛期。较低的LE/Rn可能与荒漠草原气候干旱及植被分布稀少有关。日Rn受天气变化的影响,特别是在雨季,Rn日间差异较大,呈现锯齿状波动。能量平衡各分量季节变化明显,Rn、H、LE和G最大月分别为7、5、6月份和6月份。全年H是Rn的主要能量支出项(58%);LE其次(26%),年蒸散量(190.3mm)大于年降水量(136.3mm),与多年平均降水量接近(183.9mm),其中最大日蒸散率3.8mm/d;G所占比例较小(1%),全年基本保持平衡。然而G白天吸收能量,夜间释放能量;夏季储存能量,冬季释放能量的特点,在能量平衡中存在类似"能量缓存"的作用,不能被忽略。降水过程显著影响内蒙古温带荒漠草原水热交换。降水后较降水前LE峰值明显增大,而H峰值降低。日蒸散率峰值多数与降水事件有关。而且,生长季日蒸散率波动与降水引起的SWC变化趋势一致。生长季潜热分配(LE/Rn)主要受到土壤含水量(SWC)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)及叶面积指数(LAI)共同影响。LE/Rn随SWC增大呈增加趋势,LE/Rn随VPD增大而降低,LE/Rn随LAI增大呈二次曲线变化。其中LAI为0.2m2/m2是一个阈值,当LAI0.2m2/m2,SWC是LE/Rn主要驱动因子;当LAI0.2m2/m2,SWC和LAI共同驱动LE/Rn。应用退耦因子(Ω)评价了荒漠草原与大气之间水汽交换的耦合状况。与其他草原类型相比,本研究区退耦因子(Ω)相对较低(生长季平均0.15)。生长盛期Ω相对较高,Rn是LE的主导因子;而生长前期和后期Ω相对较低,VPD是LE的主要控制因子。     

太阳辐射对玉米农田土壤呼吸作用的影响

水热因子通常被认为是影响土壤呼吸作用的主导因子。对2004-2005年东北地区玉米农田土壤呼吸作用的观测资料分析表明:太阳辐射对土壤呼吸作用有促进作用,使得白天的土壤呼吸速率高于夜间,并导致土壤呼吸作用与土壤温度的关系发生变化。太阳总辐射对玉米(Zea mays L.)生长后期的土壤呼吸作用具有显著影响(9月7日:R2=0.80,P0.0001;9月29日:R2=0.82,P0.0001)。地上生物量和叶面积指数制约着太阳总辐射对土壤呼吸作用的贡献,可解释太阳总辐射与土壤呼吸作用关系变异的83.5%。在玉米生长初期,散射辐射间接地促进了土壤呼吸作用,但随着叶面积指数的增加,散射辐射的透射作用减弱,使得直射辐射对土壤呼吸作用的影响超过散射辐射;进入玉米生长后期,由于叶子枯黄,叶面积指数减小,散射辐射又对土壤呼吸起到促进作用。     

染色体倍性差异对蜜环菌生物种系统发育学分析的影响

<正>蜜环菌属Armillaria(Fr.:Fr.)Staude是担子菌亚门中一个经济价值很高的属。它是寄主范围广,致病能力强,世界性分布的重要病原菌(秦国夫等     

基于森林碳库动态评估神农架国家级自然保护区的保护成效

保护区是维持生物多样性和生态系统功能的最有效方式, 但其保护成效有待提升, 土地利用变化是重要影响因素之一。本研究以神农架国家级自然保护区为对象, 基于神农架地区近20年的调查研究和数据积累, 通过异速生长模型、生物量方程、抽样加权等方法, 对比分析了土地利用方式转变格局下神农架国家级自然保护区森林生态系统地上、地下、凋落物、粗木质残体、土壤有机碳5个碳库动态, 分析论证了20年间(1990-2010)神农架保护区对森林生态系统碳库的保护成效。研究发现, 林地占神农架保护区总面积的92.76%, 其中针叶林(51.85%)、落叶阔叶林(35.11%)及常绿阔叶林(4.47%)3种森林类型合计占林地面积的98.56%。20年间神农架保护区林地面积增加了0.11%, 灌木林地和耕地面积分别减少了8.85%和6.06%。神农架保护区2010年碳储量为24.24 Tg C (22.57-26.62 Tg C), 土壤有机碳和地上碳合计占全部碳储量的90.68%。常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和针叶林3种森林类型碳储量占神农架保护区碳储量的95%。20年间神农架保护区5个碳库碳储量均有所增加, 共固碳25.04 kt C (21.83-29.57 kt C), 固碳率为1.21 kt C/年(1.09-1.48 kt C/年), 其中地上生物量碳库和土壤有机碳库分别增加14.50 kt C (11.81-18.31 kt C)和6.84 kt C。保护区内总碳库碳密度高于保护区外22.37 t C/ha。研究结果表明, 神农架国家级自然保护区在保护森林固碳能力方面取得了一定的成效。     

草原模式植物群落监测方法应用样例

模式植物群落是指能够反映某种植被分类单元基本特征, 并可作为准确描述该植被类型“标准”的典型植物群落。草原模式植物群落监测是中国生物多样性监测与研究网络——草原/荒漠植物多样性监测网的核心内容, 已初步确定了一套监测方法。本文应用这套方法分别建立了克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)群系和百里香(Thymus mongolicus)群系模式植物群落监测固定样地, 作为中国生物多样性监测与研究网络——草原/荒漠植物多样性监测网的样例。介绍了这两个模式植物群落监测样地选取与设置的过程、群落调查方法和数据分析结果。通过实际观测和案例分析, 验证了“中国草原/荒漠植物多样性监测网模式植物群落监测方案”中监测方法的可行性, 同时根据监测中出现的问题, 提出了模式植物群落样地、监测频率和监测日期的选择原则, 以及监测过程中的操作规范等, 完善了模式植物群落监测内容、方法和指标体系的建议, 为开展草原模式植物群落监测提供了可借鉴的实例与技术储备。     

中国戈壁针茅草原的分布、群落特征和分类

戈壁针茅(Stipa tianschanica var. gobica)草原主要分布于荒漠草原区的石质丘陵或石质山坡, 向东可以分布在典型草原区的石质丘陵或山地, 向西也可以分布在荒漠区的石质山坡上。该研究调查了中国戈壁针茅草原的主要植被类型, 通过对115个样地的样方数据分析, 量化描述了这一草原类型的主要植物群落特征。结果表明, 中国戈壁针茅草原共有维管植物272种, 隶属于38科127属; 其中裸子植物3种, 隶属于1科1属; 被子植物269种, 隶属于37科126属, 物种数大于等于10种的科为: 菊科、禾本科、豆科、蔷薇科、百合科、藜科、石竹科; 戈壁针茅草原植物区系的生活型谱以地面芽植物为主, 共178种植物, 占总种数的65.44%; 水分生态类型以旱生植物为主, 共120种, 占总种数的44.12%; 植物区系地理成分上以东古北极分布种和亚洲中部分布种(含其变型)最多, 分别为82种和80种, 占总种数的30.14%和29.41%; 盖度等级划分上以0.1%-1.0%的盖度最多, 共174种, 占总种数的63.97%; 恒有度等级划分上以I级(0-20%)的物种数最多, 共258种植物, 占所有植物种数的94.85%。基于群落调查数据, 按照群落-外貌分类原则, 将戈壁针茅群系划分为8个群丛组106个群丛。     

Effects of nitrogen addition on soil respiration of Rhododendron simsii shrubland in the subtropical mountainous areas of China

Aims As the second largest C flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, soil respiration plays a vital role in regulating atmosphere CO₂ concentration. Therefore, understanding the response of soil respiration to the increasing nitrogen deposition is urgently needed for prediction of future climate change. However, it is still unclear how nitrogen deposition influences soil respiration of shrubland in subtropical China. Our objectives were to explore the effects of different levels of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration, root biomass increment, and litter biomass, and to analyze the relationships between soil respiration and soil temperature and moisture.
Methods From January 2013 to September 2014, we conducted a short-term simulated nitrogen deposition experiment in the Rhododendron simsii shrubland of Dawei Mountain, located in Hunan Province, southern China. Four levels of nitrogen addition treatments (each level with three replicates) were established: control (CK, no nitrogen addition), low nitrogen addition (LN, 2 g·m^-2·a^-1), medium nitrogen addition (MN, 5 g·m^-2·a^-1) and high nitrogen addition (HN, 10 g·m^-2·a^-1). Soil respiration was measured by LI-8100 soil CO₂ efflux system. At the same time, we measured root biomass increment and litter biomass in each plot.
Important findings Soil respiration exhibited a strong seasonal pattern, with the highest rates found in summer and the lowest rates in winter. Annual accumulative soil respiration rate in the CK, LN, MN and HN was (2.37 ± 0.39), (2.79 ± 0.42), (2.26 ± 0.38) and (2.30 ± 0.36) kg CO₂·m^-2, respectively. Annual mean soil respiration rate in the CK, LN, MN and HN was (1.71 ± 0.28), (2.01 ± 0.30), (1.63 ± 0.27) and (1.66 ± 0.26) μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1, respectively, and it was 17.25% higher in the LN treatment compared with CK (p = 0.06). The root biomass increment was increased by LN, MN, and HN treatments by 18.36%, 36.49% and 61.63%, respectively, compared to CK. The litter biomass was increased by LN, MN, and HN treatments by 35.87%, 22.17% and 15.35%, respectively, compared with CK. Soil respiration exhibited a significant exponential relationship with soil temperature (p < 0.01, R² is 0.77 to 0.82) and a significant linear relationship with soil moisture at the depth of 5 cm (p < 0.05, R² is 0.10 to 0.15). The temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) value of CK, LN, MN and HN plots was 3.96, 3.60, 3.71 and 3.51, respectively. These results suggested that nitrogen addition promoted plant growth and decreased the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration. The increase of root biomass under N addition may be an important reason for the change of soil respiration in the study area.     

Modeling study on photosynthetic-light response curves of a C4 plant,maize

Aims A light response curve can reflect a plant’s ability to utilize light, which is also a key tool in determining the relationship between photosynthetic capacity and environmental factors; however the model accuracies concerning the light response curve remain elusive. The objectives of this study were to compare and assess the model accuracies related to a light response curve and the effects of drought. Methods A field rain shelter was used to control the soil water conditions. To obtain photosynthesis parameters from the light response curve and the drought effects, the relevant models (including the rectangular model, non-rectangular hyperbolic model, modified rectangular hyperbolic model, exponential model, quadratic function model, and a newly modified model) were applied to fit the light response curves. The validity of each model was tested by analyzing the differences between the fitted values obtained by the models and the measured values. Important findings The newly modified model has been proved to performing relatively better in accurately describing the light response curve patterns, and credibly obtaining the crucial photosynthetic parameters such as the maximum net photosynthetic rate, light saturation point, light compensation point, and dark respiration rate, especially under high radiation conditions.     

Effects of precipitation intensity and temporal pattern on soil nitrogen mineralization in a typical steppe of Nei Mongol grassland

Aims Our objective is to: 1) explore the dynamics of soil nitrogen (N) mineralization in a grassland ecosystem in response to the changes in precipitation intensity and temporal distribution, and 2) identify the controlling factors.Methods The two study sites located in a typical steppe of the Nei Mongol grassland were fenced in 2013 and 1999, respectively. Our field experiment includes manipulations of three levels of precipitation intensity (increased 50%, decreased 50%, control) in three temporal patterns (increased or decreased precipitation for three years; increased or decreased precipitation for two years and no manipulation for one year; increased or decreased precipitation for one year and no manipulation for one year).Important findings 1) The soil net N mineralization and net nitrification rates decreased with changes in the temporal distributions of precipitation from one year to three years, with the maximum values of soil net N mineralization and nitrification rates observed in the treatments of increased or decreased precipitation for one year and no manipulation for one year (+PY1 or -PY1). This indicates that the high precipitation intensity and longer precipitation may have negative effects on soil net N mineralization and nitrification rates, while the moderate soilmoisture and temperature may stimulate soil mineralization. 2) The soil net N mineralization and nitrification rates, soil cumulative N mineralization, and nitrification in the fenced site in 1999 were higher than those in the site fenced in 2013, implying that a long-term enclosure may have promoted nutrient storage and soil quality restoration. 3) The long-term treatments of increased or decreased precipitation had significant effects on soil water content and temperature, whereas the short-term, discontinuous precipitation produced minor effects on soil moisture and temperature. Moreover, the controlling factors for soil N mineralization were different between the two fields. Soil moisture had a major effect on soil inorganic N content and net N mineralization rate in the site fenced in 2013, while soil temperature played a dominant role in the site fenced in 1999, with the net N mineralization rate depressed by higher soil moisture. Our findings suggest that the precipitation intensity and temporal distribution had important impacts on soil N mineralization in the Inner Mongolia grassland; these effects was site-dependent and particularly related to soil texture, community composition, and disturbance, and other factors.     

近地面激光雷达点云密度对森林冠层结构参数提取准确性的影响

基于激光雷达技术获取冠层结构为森林生态学研究增加了新的维度。搭载于多旋翼无人机的近地面激光雷达相比于固定翼有人机的机载激光雷达，能够更加灵活高效地获取森林群落样地高密度点云。但在实际操作中，往往出现局部低密度点云数据，影响了冠层结构参数提取的准确性。使用4块森林动态样地的近地面激光雷达点云数据；利用航带分解方法分析各样地低密度样方成因；采用点云抽稀模拟算法计算并拟合偏差曲线，对比不同样地、参数和取样尺度间的点云密度对冠层结构参数提取准确性的影响；根据偏差曲线计算各条件下保证参数提取准确性的最低点云密度。结果发现：1)低密度区域主要受地形或(和)近地面遥感设计规划的影响。地形复杂的测区(西双版纳和古田山样地),遥感规划难度大，整体难以获取高密度点云(在30点/m²左右),容易在沟谷和高海拔处出现低密度样方。平坦测区(长白山两块样地)虽可获取高密度点云(均超过150点/m²),但欠佳的遥感规划设计导致长白山1测区北部出现1hm²低密度区域。2)冠层参数提取准确性随点云密度减少而迅速降低，呈负指数幂函数关系。这一变化趋势在不同...