韧性城市研究综述——基于城市复杂系统视角

在全球气候变化与持续城市化的背景下,增强城市韧性是提升城市应急管理能力,实现城市系统可持续发展的重要途径。明确城市韧性的内涵、核心要素及相互作用机理,开展城市系统韧性测度与城市系统模拟,对提升变化环境下城市系统恢复力与韧性水平,缓解变化环境对城市系统运行稳定性冲击压力具有重要意义。基于文献与资料分析,全面解析韧性城市核心概念与各国韧性城市建设、管理与研究实践。此外,研究从城市复杂系统视角探究变化环境对城市系统影响机制、测度方法与系统模拟路径。研究为韧性城市理论、方法与实证研究提供了参考,并为我国韧性城市建设实践提供决策依据与政策建议。     

中国南海北部不同岛屿植被与土壤的耦合协调发展度

植被和土壤是陆地生态系统两个重要的组成部分,二者相互影响相互促进,探明两者的耦合协调关系是生态恢复与重建的顺利实施的关键。基于中国南海北部大庙墩岛、涠洲岛、大汉三墩岛、甘蔗岛和蜈支洲岛等个海岛的典型植被群落植被土壤的全面调查和取样分析,建立10个植被因子和14个土壤因子的2级层次指标体系,采用层析分析法确定各因子的权重,构建5个海岛植被土壤耦合度和耦合协调度模型。结果表明,不同岛屿的植被土壤耦合度和耦合协调度模型并不完全对应,植被与土壤的综合指数在不同岛屿中也不完全一致,甘蔗岛的植被效应和大汉三墩岛的土壤效应最佳。中国南海北部5个岛屿的植被土壤耦合协调状况较好,均处于初、中级协调发展状态,且除甘蔗岛外处于植被土壤同步型。总的来说,由于岛屿远离内陆,人类干扰相对较小,在植被土壤长期的演替过程中,中国南海北部岛屿植被土壤耦合协调较好,在其恢复与生态重建时要注重提高植物多样性、抚育水平和土壤管理水平。     

Development of haploid asparagus embryos from liquid cultures of anther-derived calli is enhanced by ancymidol

Summary The effect of ancymidol concentration on the development of haploid asparagus embryos was determined. Liquid cultures from anther-derived calli were grown for three weeks in MS medium plus 1.0 mg l^–1 2,4-D, 0.1 mg l^–1 NAA, 0.2 mg l^–1 kinetin, 800 mg l^–1 glutamine, 500 mg l^–1 casein hydrolysate, 2% sucrose and 0.0–1.0 mg l^–1 ancymidol. Cell clumps (224–500 m) were plated on solid embryo maturation medium (MS medium plus 3% sucrose, 0.1 mg l^–1 NAA, 0.5 mg l^–1 kinetin and 0.0–1.0 mg l^–1 ancymidol) and grown for eight weeks. Ancymidol enhanced embryo maturation and germination and was more critical in the solid than liquid medium. Total embryo number did not vary among most treatments. The best response was observed when ancymidol concentrations were 0.1 and 0.5 mg l^–1 in the liquid and solid media, respectively; two-thirds of the embryos produced were bipolar and 35% of bipolar embryos germinated. Seven to 82% of plants recovered from different ancymidol treatments were haploid; the others were diploid, triploid or chimeric for ploidy level.Abbreviations NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - GA₃ gibberellic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog (1962)     

Effects of compound sodium nitrophenol on microspore embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in flowering Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. utilis Tsen et Lee)

Isolated microspore culture has been implemented in breeding programs to produce doubled haploid (DH) lines and thus accelerates the breeding process. However, low microspore embryogenesis frequency in flowering Chinese cabbage remains a key obstacle to the practical application of this technique. This study aimed to establish an efficient microspore culture protocol for flowering Chinese cabbage that would be applied for heterosis breeding. Microspores of five genotypes, 19AY05, 19AY06, 19AY10, 19AY12, and 19AY15, were successfully induced to produce embryos in NLN-13 medium. Microspores of two genotypes, 19AY05 and 19AY15, were cultivated in NLN-13 medium supplemented with different concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.2 mg·L⁻¹) of compound sodium nitrophenol (sodium nitrophenol, 5-nitrophenol) to enhance microspore embryogenesis and plant regeneration without an intervening callus phase. The results showed that 0.05 ~ 0.1 mg· L⁻¹ sodium nitrophenol and 0.01 ~ 0.2 mg· L⁻¹ of 5-nitrophenol significantly promoted the induction of microspore embryogenesis of two genotypes, and the best concentrations required for different genotypes are different. Moreover, 0.1 mg· L⁻¹ sodium nitrophenol can significantly increase the plant regeneration rate of the two genetypes. The 5-nitrophenol at 0.01 mg·L⁻¹ significantly increased rate of embryos directly convert to plant in 19AY15. In addition, the average doubled haploid rates in the five genotypes were close to 63%. Horticultural traits of DH lines from 19AY05 were identified and all of them were self-incompatible lines. They showed a high uniformity and consistency that can be directly used for hybrid breeding. Furthermore, the hybrid combination was prepared with the selected DH lines and the Guangdong nucleus genic sterile line GMS019 to screen the excellent hybrid combination for the flowering Chinese cabbage breeding program. This method accelerates the application of microspore culture in hybrid breeding of flowering Chinese cabbage.

     

Effects of Allelochemicals on Root Growth and Pod Yield in Response to Continuous Cropping Obstacle of Peanut

Continuous cropping (CC) obstacle is a major threat in legume crops production; however, the underlying mechanisms concerning the roles allelochemicals play in CC obstacle are poorly understood. The current 2-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of different kinds and concentrations of allelochemicals, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (H), cinnamic acid (C), phthalic acid (P), and their mixtures (M) on peanut root growth and productivity in response to CC obstacle. Treatment with H, C, P, and M significantly decreased the plant height, dry weight of the leaves and stems, number of branches, and length of the lateral stem compared with control. Exogenous application of H, C, P, and M inhibited the peanut root growth as indicated by the decreased root morphological characters. The allelochemicals also induced the cell membrane oxidation even though the antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly increased in peanut roots. Meanwhile, treatment with H, C, P, and M reduced the contents of total soluble sugar and total soluble protein. Analysis of ATPase activity, nitrate reductase activity, and root system activity revealed that the inhibition effects of allelochemicals on peanut roots might be due to the decrease in activities of ATPase and NR, and the inhibition of root system. Consequently, allelochemicals significantly decreased the pod yield of peanut compared with control. Our results demonstrate that allelochemicals play a dominant role in CC obstacle-induced peanut growth inhibition and yield reduction through damaging the root antioxidant system, unbalancing the osmolytes accumulation, and decreasing the activities of root-related enzymes.

     

Investigation of <i>GhFAT</i> Genes Related to Seed Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition in <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i> L.

Fatty Acyl-ACP thioesterase (FAT) is a key enzyme controlling oil biosynthesis in plant seeds. FATs can be divided into two subfamilies, FATA and FATB according to their amino acid sequences and substrate specificity. The Upland cotton genome contains 20 GhFAT genes, amongst which 6 genes were of the GhFATA subfamily and 14 of the GhFATB subfamily. The 20 GhFAT genes are unevenly distributed on 14 chromosomes. The GhFATA genes have 5 or 7 exons and the GhFATB genes have 6 or 7 exons. All GhFAT proteins have the conserved Acyl-ACP_TE domain and PLN02370 super family, the typical characteristics of plant thioesterases. Analyses of the expression level of GhFATs and the compositions of fatty acid in 5–60 days-post-anthesis seeds showed that the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids was consistent with the expression profile of GhFATB12, GhFATB3, and GhFATB10; the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid to polyunsaturated fatty acids was consistent with the expression profile of GhFATA3. The oil contents of mature cottonseeds were positively correlated with the contents of palmitic acid and linolenic acid as well as seed vigor. These results provide essential information for further exploring the role(s) of the specific GhFATs in determining oil biosynthesis and cottonseed compositions.     

Successful application of microspore culture in pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee) for hybrid breeding

Protoplasma - Microspore embryogenesis is an effective method of obtaining double haploid (DH) lines in only 1&nbsp;year. However, the microspore embryogenesis protocol was not efficient in...     

任务驱动法在“微生物学实验”混合式教学中的实践

通过“微生物学实验”课程多年来的混合式教学实践发现,学生的主动性是学习效果的核心要素。鉴于在以往的教学实践中,无论采用何种教学手段,总有部分学生的学习主动性不能得到体现。我们近年来采用轮流组长责任制下的任务驱动教学法,极大地调动了所有学生的学习动力。每位学生在担任组长工作时从课前任务、课堂执行、课后总结等方面都发挥了重要作用,而不担任组长时也会积极主动地配合组长工作。最终,实验课程学习成绩优秀率占比、体现素质能力培养的成绩分项都显著提升。同时,课程教学也收获了良好的学生认可和反馈。     

盐碱胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和根际细菌群落结构的影响

【背景】植物可通过改变根际微生物群落结构来减轻胁迫,但盐碱胁迫下小麦生长和根际细菌群落结构变化尚待明晰。【目的】明确盐碱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及根际细菌群落结构变化。【方法】以添加NaCl和Na2CO3调节Hoagland营养液Na+浓度和pH来模拟盐碱胁迫,通过MiSeq高通量测序分析细菌群落结构。【结果】与无胁迫对照相比,单纯盐胁迫使小麦幼苗地上和地下部干重、叶绿素和根际土壤速效氮含量分别显著降低了25.0%、57.1%、21.2%和42.9%(P<0.05);小麦幼苗生长指标和根际土壤速效氮、速效磷、有机质含量及酶活性(除过氧化氢酶)随碱度升高而降低;所有处理的小麦幼苗根际优势菌门(丰度7.1%-71.5%)均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),优势属(丰度0.5%-5.1%)有肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、嗜多甲基菌属(Methyloversatilis)、固氮菌属(Azotobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和异根瘤菌属(Allorhizobium)。盐碱胁迫未显著...     

Nitric Oxide Enhances Salt Tolerance in Tomato Seedlings by Regulating Endogenous S-nitrosylation Levels

Salinity impairs plant growth and development, thereby leading to low yield and inferior quality of crops. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an essential signaling molecule that is involved in regulating various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. In this study, tomato seedlings of Lycopersicum esculentum L. “Micro-Tom” treated with 150 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) conducted decreased plant height, total root length, and leaf area by 25.43%, 24.87%, and 33.67%, respectively. While nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) pretreatment ameliorated salt toxicity in a dose-dependent manner and 10 µM GSNO exhibited the most significant mitigation effect. It increased the plant height, total root length, and leaf area of tomato seedlings, which was 31.44%, 20.56%, and 51.21% higher than NaCl treatment alone, respectively. However, NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium (cPTIO) treatment reversed the positive effect of NO under salt stress, implying that NO is essential for the enhancement of salt tolerance. Additionally, NaCl?+?GSNO treatment effectively decreased O^2? production and H₂O₂ content, increased the levels of soluble sugar, glycinebetaine, proline, and chlorophyll, and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the content of antioxidants in tomato seedlings in comparison with NaCl treatment, whereas NaCl?+?cPTIO treatment significantly reversed the effect of NO under salt stress. Moreover, we found that GSNO treatment increased endogenous NO content, S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activity, GSNOR expression and total S-nitrosylated level, and decreased S-nitrosothiol (SNO) content under salt stress, implicating that S-nitrosylation might be involved in NO-enhanced salt tolerance in tomatoes. Altogether, these results suggest that NO confers salt tolerance in tomato seedlings probably by the promotion of photosynthesis and osmotic balance, the enhancement of antioxidant capability and the increase of protein S-nitrosylation levels.