小鼠初级听皮质神经元的强度调谐特性与机制分析

强度是声音的基本参数之一,听神经元的强度调谐在听觉信息处理方面具有重要意义．以往研究发现γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)能抑制性输入在强度调谐的形成过程中起重要作用,但对抑制性输入与局部神经回路之间的关系并不清楚．本实验通过在体细胞外电生理记录和神经药理学方法,分析了小鼠初级听皮质神经元的强度调谐特性,结果显示：单调型神经元在声刺激强度自中等强度增高时潜伏期缩短(P < 0.05)且发放持续时间延长(P < 0.05),非单调型神经元在声刺激强度自最佳强度增高时潜伏期不变且发放持续时间缩短(P < 0.01)．注射GABA能阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline, Bic)后,39.3%的神经元强度调谐类型不变,42.9%的神经元非单调性减弱,17.9%的神经元非单调性增强．表明GABA能抑制并非是形成非单调性的唯一因素,兴奋性输入本身的非单调性和高阈值非GABA能抑制的激活也可能在其中发挥作用．推测由兴奋性和抑制性输入所构成的局部神经功能回路及其整合决定了听皮质神经元的强度调谐特性．     

苦瓜叶片结构与白粉病抗性的关系

以不同抗白粉病的苦瓜品系幼苗为材料,对它们的叶片及上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织及海绵组织厚度、叶片结构紧密度及疏松度、蜡质含量、比叶重、气孔及茸毛密度等叶片结构进行观察比较,探讨苦瓜白粉病抗性与其主要叶片结构指标的关系。结果显示:（1）抗病苦瓜品系叶片的蜡质含量显著高于感病品系,与病情指数呈显著负相关关系,蜡质层是其抵抗和延迟病原菌侵入的一个有力结构屏障。（2）感病品系叶片的气孔和叶背面茸毛数量显著多于抗病品系,且叶背面的气孔及茸毛密度与病情指数呈显著正相关关系,即气孔和茸毛越少越抗病。（3）抗病苦瓜品系的叶片栅栏组织以及海绵组织排列整齐、紧密,而高感品系的叶片组织出现大量孔隙,较难观察到完整细胞。（4）抗病品系叶片厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、叶片结构紧密度明显高于感病品系,而感病品系的海绵组织厚度、叶片结构疏松度明显高于抗病品系;且苦瓜比叶重与其白粉病抗性关系不大。研究认为,苦瓜叶片蜡质含量、叶背面气孔及茸毛密度可以作为苦瓜白粉病抗性鉴定的参考指标。     

自发性高血压大鼠和Wistar大鼠脑动脉平滑肌细胞膜电流的比较

目的:探讨自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)和Wistar大鼠脑动脉(BA)平滑肌细胞膜电流的异同。方法:应用全细胞膜片钳技术研究SHR和Wistar大鼠BA平滑肌细胞在电流密度、电流组成以及自发性瞬时外向K+电流(STOCs)特性的异同。结果:①当指令电压为0、+20、+40和+60mV时,SHR与Wistar大鼠BA平滑肌细胞间电流密度存在统计学差异(P<0.01)。②SHR与Wistar大鼠BA平滑肌细胞膜电流都对1 mmol/L电压依赖的K+通道(Kv)阻断剂4AP和1 mmol/L大电导Ca2+激活K+通道(BKCa)阻断剂TEA敏感。③SHR的STOCs发放频率和电流幅度都远大于Wistar大鼠。1 mmol/LTEA基本完全阻断STOCs通道电流,而4-AP对STOCs没有影响。结论:SHR和Wistar大鼠脑动脉平滑肌细胞的电流密度存在差异,两种平滑肌细胞外向电流都由BKCa和Kv通道组成。SHR大鼠平滑肌细胞更易诱发由BKCa通道介导的STOCs。     

鸭甲肝病毒3型2012年山东分离株VP1基因的序列分析

为揭示近年来鸭甲肝病毒3型(DHAV-3)中国分离株VP1基因的遗传变异规律,本研究对2012年从山东省分离到的13株DHAV-3的VP1基因分别进行PCR扩增、序列测序与分析。结果显示,13株DHAV-3的VP1基因均由720个核苷酸组成,共编码240个氨基酸,核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别为94.6%～99.9%和95.0%～100%。与GenBank中公布的31株DHAV-3的VP1基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为92.5%～100%和90.8%～100%。系统进化分析显示,DHAV-3可分为两个基因型,其中除疫苗毒B63之外所有中国分离株均属于GⅠ型,越南分离毒株主要属于GⅡ型S1亚型,而韩国分离株组成GⅡ型中的S2亚型,具有明显的地域特征。     

芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉的制备及稳定性研究

目的:利用喷雾干燥工艺制备芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉,并研究菌粉的活性及稳定性。方法:以脱脂乳、海藻糖、β-环糊精和谷氨酸钠为保护剂,采用喷雾干燥(条件为:进口温度100℃,出口温度50～60℃,进样速度2～4mL/min)制备芽孢杆菌菌粉,以喷干存活率和菌粉活菌数为指标,选择最佳制备条件。结果:获得喷干保护剂配方为脱脂乳10.0%、海藻糖6.0%、β-环糊精13.0%、谷氨酸钠15.0%,喷干存活率为65.9%,菌粉活菌数为1.38×109CFU/g,存放180 d后菌粉活菌数为1.03×10~9CFU/g。结论:喷雾干燥工艺可以用于芽孢杆菌dhs-330-021菌粉的制备,获得的菌粉稳定性较好。     

群体感应在生物强化功能菌定殖及降解能力增强中的作用研究进展

由于难降解有机污染物和外界环境对水处理系统的冲击干扰,污水水质常出现不达标现象。引入外源含有相关功能基因并且具有基因水平转移能力的工程菌株进行生物强化处理是提高污水处理效能的有效措施。污水处理系统中存在能够分泌信号分子的菌体,菌间具有群体感应现象,当种群密度达到感应阈值时,菌体会通过释放信号分子来触发一些群体行为,从而激活相关基因的表达(如生物膜形成、生物发光、抗生素合成和毒力因子表达等)。早期的群体感应技术研究主要集中在信号传递学、微生物社会行为学和医学微生物领域,近年来,在水处理领域也开始有相继报道,研究表明群体感应在污水生物处理中发挥重要作用,并且影响生物强化菌株的定殖和污染物降解,因此群体感应行为调控是生物强化技术成效显著与否的关键因素。本文综述了群体感应及信号分子的作用机制、信号分子释放及存在的影响因素以及群体感应对菌株定殖、微生物群落结构和污染物去除的影响,并对从群体感应角度出发研究生物强化过程进行了展望,旨在为生物强化技术的有效实施及提升污水处理效能提供一种新思路,为深入理解生物强化过程中群体感应调控行为提供理论参考。     

Unexpectedly diverse Mesorhizobium strains and Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulate native legume genera of New Zealand, while introduced legume weeds are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium species

The New Zealand native legume flora are represented by four genera, Sophora, Carmichaelia, Clianthus, and Montigena. The adventive flora of New Zealand contains several legume species introduced in the 19th century and now established as serious invasive weeds. Until now, nothing has been reported on the identification of the associated rhizobia of native or introduced legumes in New Zealand. The success of the introduced species may be due, at least in part, to the nature of their rhizobial symbioses. This study set out to address this issue by identifying rhizobial strains isolated from species of the four native legume genera and from the introduced weeds: Acacia spp. (wattles), Cytisus scoparius (broom), and Ulex europaeus (gorse). The identities of the isolates and their relationship to known rhizobia were established by comparative analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA, atpD, glnII, and recA gene sequences. Maximum-likelihood analysis of the resultant data partitioned the bacteria into three genera. Most isolates from native legumes aligned with the genus Mesorhizobium, either as members of named species or as putative novel species. The widespread distribution of strains from individual native legume genera across Mesorhizobium spp. contrasts with previous reports implying that bacterial species are specific to limited numbers of legume genera. In addition, four isolates were identified as Rhizobium leguminosarum. In contrast, all sequences from isolates from introduced weeds aligned with Bradyrhizobium species but formed clusters distinct from existing named species. These results show that native legume genera and these introduced legume genera do not have the same rhizobial populations.     

乳酸菌在苹果酒酿造中的应用

乳酸菌用于苹果酒酿造中 ,可以触发苹果酸 乳酸发酵 ,通过分解苹果酸 ,产生乳酸 ,并引起其他有机酸的变化而使苹果酒的口感质量得以改善。供试的 3个乳酸菌种中 ,L3由于具有较高的苹果酸分解速率 ,发酵的苹果酒感官质量优良而成为苹果酒苹果酸 乳酸发酵的优良菌种。pH、温度、二氧化硫、酒度通过影响乳酸菌的活动而对苹果酸 乳酸发酵产生一定的影响     

pH dependence of the donor side reactions in Ca2+-depleted photosystem II

We have studied how low pH affects the water-oxidizing complex in Photosystem II when depleted of the essential Ca(2+) ion cofactor. For these samples, it was found that the EPR signal from the Y(Z)(*) radical decays faster at low pH than at high pH. At 20 degrees C, Y(Z)(*) decays with biphasic kinetics. At pH 6.5, the fast phase encompasses about 65% of the amplitude and has a lifetime of approximately 0.8 s, while the slow phase has a lifetime of approximately 22 s. At pH 3.9, the kinetics become totally dominated by the fast phase, with more than 90% of the signal intensity operating with a lifetime of approximately 0.3 s. The kinetic changes occurred with an approximate pK(a) of 4.5. Low pH also affected the induction of the so-called split radical EPR signal from the S(2)Y(Z)(*) state that is induced in Ca(2+)-depleted PSII membranes because of an inability of Y(Z)(*) to oxidize the S(2) state. At pH 4.5, about 50% of the split signal was induced, as compared to the amplitude of the signal that was induced at pH 6.5-7, using similar illumination conditions. Thus, the split-signal induction decreased with an apparent pK(a) of 4.5. In the same samples, the stable multiline signal from the S(2) state, which is modified by the removal of Ca(2+), was decreased by the illumination to the same extent at all pHs. It is proposed that decreased induction of the S(2)Y(Z)(*) state at lower pH was not due to inability to oxidize the modified S(2) state induced by the Ca(2+) depletion. Instead, we propose that the low pH makes Y(Z)(*) able to oxidize the S(2) state, making the S(2) --> S(3) transition available in Ca(2+)-depleted PSII. Implications of these results for the catalytic role of Ca(2+) and the role of proton transfer between the Mn cluster and Y(Z) during oxygen evolution is discussed.     

Acute intrarenal infusion of ANG II does not stimulate immediate early gene expression in the kidney

ANG II is capable of stimulating expression of immediate early genes such as egr-1 and c-fos in a variety of cultured cells, including cells of renal origin. To investigate whether ANG II can stimulate early growth response gene expression in vivo, we studied the effects of acute renal artery infusion of low-dose ANG II (2.5 ng small middle dot kg(-1) small middle dot min(-1)) or vehicle on the renal expression of c-fos and egr-1 genes in rats. ANG II infusion for 30 or 240 min decreased renal vascular conductance by approximately 13 and 8%, respectively, compared with the vehicle group. Expression of the early growth response genes c-fos and egr-1 was analyzed using Northern blot hybridization. No significant upregulation of c-fos or egr-1 mRNA levels was detected in rats that received ANG II for either 30 or 240 min, compared with the vehicle groups. We conclude that ANG II, at doses that cause significant physiological effects, does not increase the renal expression of c-fos or egr-1 genes over periods of up to 4 h in vivo.