Hydroxylated analogues of the orally active broad spectrum antifungal, Sch 51048 (1), and the discovery of posaconazole [Sch 56592; 2 or (S,S)-5

As part of a detailed study, the syntheses, biological activities, and pharmacokinetic properties of hydroxylated analogues of the previously described broad spectrum antifungal agents, Sch 51048 (1), Sch 50001 (3), and Sch 50002 (4), are described. Based on an overall superior profile, one of the alcohols, Sch 56592 (2), was selected for clinical studies.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

The biodiversity of macrobenthos from Jiaozhou Bay

The current situation of the animal species biodiversity of macrobenthic fauna in the Jiaozhou Bay (South Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea) is reported in the present paper, based on the data from 15 investigation cruises carried out from February 1998 to November 2001. In analyzing the data, the Shannon-Wiener index, and species evenness and richness indices were used to study the trends of variation of the community structure, the species assemblages in the macrobenthic community, the dominant species, and the abundance of macrobenthic fauna in Jiaozhou Bay. A total of 322 species of macrobenthic animals were found in the bay, of which 133 species belong to 44 families of Polychaeta, while 92 species belong to 42 families of Crustacea. The average number of species per sample station ranged from 8 to 26. The Shannon-Wiener indices were very different among the samples, with the highest being recorded from Station 8 in November 2001, and the lowest from Station 9 in August 2001. The number of species, the Shannon-Wiener indices, and the species richness indices from Stations 7 and 9 were generally lower than those from other stations. This is because both the stations are situated at areas with a strong current and where the sediment is coarse sand. Although the richness index of species and the Shannon-Wiener index were high in Station 3, the Pielou evenness index was the lowest of all the sampling stations. This is because the station is located near the culture area of Ruditapes philippinarum, where a high abundance of clams caused low evenness. The results also revealed that the number of species and abundance greatly affected the biodiversity, and some environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, and primary productivity were also closely interrelated with biodiversity. Pollution and overexploitation caused by human activities were very important factors affecting macrobenthic biodiversity. In order to find the best way to enhance and protect living marine resources, the relationship between human activities and the biodiversity of macrobenthos in the Jiaozhou Bay should be studied further.     

伞形科两种植物幼苗生长对光照强度的可塑性响应

将明党参（Changium smyrnioides Wolff）和峨参（Anthriscus sylvestris Hoffm．）幼苗置于按全光照百分率为100％（S100）、65％（S65）和25％（S25）的人工控制光环境下处理。结果表明,光照强度显著影响明党参和峨参幼苗的生长：明党参在S6,生长最好,株高、冠幅、叶长、叶宽、地上地下生物量等均达到最大值,且S65的明党参生物量是S100的2倍、S25的3倍左右;而峨参地上部生长随着光照强度的减弱而增强,S25生长最好,但地下部生长则在S65生长最好,表现出与明党参同样的响应规律。明党参在不同光照强度下生长速率差异显著,S65显著高于其余两个处理;峨参虽然也在S65生长速率最大,但在不同光照强度间无差异。明党参生长速率明显小于峨参,总生物量约为峨参的1／3—1／8,相对于峨参而言明党参是一个在幼苗阶段生长缓慢的物种。     

城市林地与非林地大气SO２季节动态变化

SO2作为主要的大气污染物之一,对人体与环境具有严重危害,导致酸雨后危害更大,尤其是长江以南省区污染严重。对长沙和株洲市区内2种类型区域———城市林地与城市非林地空气SO2浓度通过近1a(2004-01~2005-01)的同时进行对比定位观测,用甲醛吸收副玫瑰苯胺分光光度法分析,结果表明:从两市2种类型采样地空气SO2浓度水平总体与分别来看,SO2浓度年内变化均具有明显季节性波动特征(p=0·001),冬季最高,秋季最低;除冬季二者SO2浓度较为接近外,其他各季株洲非林地观测区SO2浓度均高于同季节长沙非林地观测区SO2浓度。空气SO2浓度季节性变化与当地的地理环境、气候条件、采暖期与工业生产布局等因素有较大的关系。其中,燃煤、降水、风速风向和气温是影响空气SO2浓度变化主要的污染源与气候条件因素。空气SO2浓度水平还与所在地有无林木覆盖关系密切。无林地空气SO2浓度年均值(0·18±0·08)mg/m3,有林地空气SO2浓度年均值(0·09±0·07)mg/m3,二者间存在极其显著差异(p=0·001)。林木生理活性季节性变化对植物调节空气SO2浓度季节变化的能力有一定的影响。按林地SO2浓度减缓效应大小排序,依次是夏季(55·4%)>冬季(54·1%)>秋季(49·3%)>春季(29·6%)。城市森林作为一种有效的生物措施在控制和治理城市大气SO2污染实践中具有重要作用,不失为一种经济可行、高效的环境保护措施,应着力提高城市森林覆盖率。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物生物多样性现状

根据自1998年2月至2001年11月对胶州湾的10个站15个航次（每季度月一次）的大型底栖动物分布状况调查资料,报道了胶州湾大型底栖生物物种多样性现状,采用了香农-威纳指数、物种丰富度指数以及物种均匀度指数对胶州湾大型底栖生物的群落结构、种类组成、优势种以及数量动态趋势进行了分析。本次调查共采到底栖动物322种,其中多毛类44科133种,甲壳动物42科92种,棘皮动物仅有14种。各站获得平均种类数在8—26种之间,种类最少的出现在7号站,最多的出现在3号站。各站位香农-威纳指数也有很大差异,最大的是2001年11月的8号站,最小的则出现在2001年8月的9号站。7号站和9号站种类数、物种多样性指数及物种丰度指数均较低,这是因为它们位于水流较大的区域,且底质为粗砂。3号站虽然种类数较多,并具有较大的香农-威纳指数,但它的物种均匀度指数却非常低,这是因为3号站靠近菲律宾蛤仔养殖区域,蛤仔的高密度降低了均匀度指数。生物多样性除了受种的数量及其个体密度的影响外,还与多种环境因素有关,如水温,盐度、初级生产力等,人为因素（如污染、过度利用）对底栖生物影响非常大。目的在于为进一步研究胶州湾生物多样性变化及底栖生物资源的合理开发和持续利用提供科学依据和积累资料。     

江西九连山常绿阔叶林主要树种叶建成消耗的比较

叶建成消耗（或叶构建消耗）是指构建单位质量（面积）叶片所需要的葡萄糖当量,是植物碳收获过程中必要的成本投资．反映植物在叶片水平上的能量和碳分配策略。基于热值、灰份含量、叶氮含量和比叶面积的测定,估算了江西九连山常绿阔叶林16个主要树种的叶建成消耗,分析比较了不同树种、不同叶寿命、比叶面积和冠层不同部位对叶建成消耗的影响。结果表明,热值组分的变化对单位质量叶建成消耗的影响最大;树种间单位质量叶建成消耗的差异不大（变化率仅3％～6％）,但其单位面积叶建成消耗则存在显著差异（变化率达27％～28％）;热值和单位质量叶建成消耗与比叶面积密切相关,而比叶面积随取样高度呈显著的降低趋势,最终导致热值及单位质量和单位面积的叶建成消耗均随取样高度呈显著的增加趋势。研究结果指出：（1）较高的叶建成消耗是由于植物叶片内含有较高能量投资的化学组分;（2）叶建成消耗和比叶面积随取样高度的变化综合反映了植物对光照和水分资源垂直梯度变化的可塑性适应。     

辽西中生代鸟类跗跖骨测量数据的统计分析及意义

跗跖骨是鸟类后肢骨骼的重要组成之一,其形态特征对恢复鸟类的行为和习性具有重要的指示意义。本文以鸟类的跗跖骨为研究对象,共观察了200余例有代表性的现生鸟类标本,并对其中15个目中的154例标本进行了多组数据的测量。还将跗跖骨各形态特征进行量化分析研究,引入相关分析和因子分析等统计分析方法。对现生鸟类跗跖骨5组(12个)变量进行分析,研究各变量间的相关程度,对变量进行主成分分析,提取出2个主成分,其中第1主成分包括第Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ三个跖骨的宽度变量;第2主成分包括第Ⅱ跖骨滑车相对于第Ⅲ跖骨滑车的上下及前后位置两变量,以及第Ⅳ跖骨滑车相对于第Ⅲ跖骨滑车的前后位置变量。对这6个变量的分析表明,它们对于区别鸟类的栖息习性具有显著的指示作用。通过对在中国(辽西为主)已发现的25例中生代鸟类跗跖骨远端4个变量的统计分析,表明它们同样具有区别树栖和地栖鸟类的显著意义,而且分析的结果与参考鸟类其他特征(如爪的形态、脚趾的比例等)所得出的结论基本一致。     

细穗玄参的化学成分研究-Ⅱ

从细穗玄参(S crof ella ch inensisM ax im.)全草的正丁醇提取物中分离并鉴定了6个化合物,利用现代波谱技术(M S1、H NM R1、3C NM R、DEPT、HM BC、HM QC)和化学方法进行结构鉴定,分别为6-O-(2″-对羟基反式肉桂酸-α-L-鼠李糖)梓醇(1)、山栀子苷(2)、桃叶珊瑚苷(3)、玉叶金花苷酸(4)、熊果苷(5)、肌氨酸乙酯(6).6个化合物均为首次从该植物中发现.