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11.
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We have proposed that the [Het-s] infectious cytoplasmic element of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina is the prion form of the HET-s protein. The HET-s protein is involved in a cellular recognition phenomenon characteristic of filamentous fungi and known as heterokaryon incompatibility. Under the prion form, the HET-s protein causes a cell death reaction when co-expressed with the HET-S protein, from which it differs by only 13 amino acid residues. We show here that the HET-s protein can exist as two alternative states, a soluble and an aggregated form in vivo. As shown for the yeast prions, transition to the infectious prion form leads to aggregation of a HET-s--green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein. The HET-s protein is aggregated in vivo when highly expressed. However, we could not demonstrate HET-s aggregation at wild-type expression levels, which could indicate that only a small fraction of the HET-s protein is in its aggregated form in vivo in wild-type [Het-s] strains. The antagonistic HET-S form is soluble even at high expression level. A double amino acid substitution in HET-s (D23A P33H), which abolishes prion infectivity, suppresses in vivo aggregation of the GFP fusion. Together, these results further support the model that the [Het-s] element corresponds to an abnormal self-perpetuating aggregated form of the HET-s protein. 相似文献
13.
Pasquier CM; Promponas VI; Varvayannis NJ; Hamodrakas SJ 《Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)》1998,14(8):749-750
Summary : FT is a tool written in C++, which implements the Fourier
analysis method to locate periodicities in aminoacid or DNA sequences. It
is provided for free public use on a WWW server with a Java interface.
Availability : The server address is http://o2.db. uoa.gr/FT Contact :
shamodr@atlas.uoa.gr
相似文献
14.
Sielaff F Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E Meyer D Saupe SM Volk IM Garten W Steinmetzer T 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2011,21(16):4860-4864
A series of substrate analogue inhibitors of the serine protease HAT, containing a 4-amidinobenzylamide moiety as the P1 residue, was prepared. The most potent compounds possess a basic amino acid in the d-configuration as P3 residue. Whereas inhibitor 4 (Ki 13 nM) containing proline as the P2 residue completely lacks selectivity, incorporation of norvaline leads to a potent inhibitor (15, Ki 15 nM) with improved selectivity for HAT in comparison to the coagulation proteases thrombin and factor Xa or the fibrinolytic plasmin. Selected inhibitors were able to suppress influenza virus replication in a HAT-expressing MDCK cell model. 相似文献
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Guo W Schafer S Greaser ML Radke MH Liss M Govindarajan T Maatz H Schulz H Li S Parrish AM Dauksaite V Vakeel P Klaassen S Gerull B Thierfelder L Regitz-Zagrosek V Hacker TA Saupe KW Dec GW Ellinor PT MacRae CA Spallek B Fischer R Perrot A Özcelik C Saar K Hubner N Gotthardt M 《Nature medicine》2012,18(5):766-773
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S J Saupe 《Microbiology and molecular biology reviews》2000,64(3):489-502
Filamentous fungi spontaneously undergo vegetative cell fusion events within but also between individuals. These cell fusions (anastomoses) lead to cytoplasmic mixing and to the formation of vegetative heterokaryons (i.e., cells containing different nuclear types). The viability of these heterokaryons is genetically controlled by specific loci termed het loci (for heterokaryon incompatibility). Heterokaryotic cells formed between individuals of unlike het genotypes undergo a characteristic cell death reaction or else are severely inhibited in their growth. The biological significance of this phenomenon remains a puzzle. Heterokaryon incompatibility genes have been proposed to represent a vegetative self/nonself recognition system preventing heterokaryon formation between unlike individuals to limit horizontal transfer of cytoplasmic infectious elements. Molecular characterization of het genes and of genes participating in the incompatibility reaction has been achieved for two ascomycetes, Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina. These analyses have shown that het genes are diverse in sequence and do not belong to a gene family and that at least some of them perform cellular functions in addition to their role in incompatibility. Divergence between the different allelic forms of a het gene is generally extensive, but single-amino-acid differences can be sufficient to trigger incompatibility. In some instances het gene evolution appears to be driven by positive selection, which suggests that the het genes indeed represent recognition systems. However, work on nonallelic incompatibility systems in P. anserina suggests that incompatibility might represent an accidental activation of a cellular system controlling adaptation to starvation. 相似文献
20.
Amiloride does not alter NaCl avoidance in Fischer-344 rats 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Fischer-344 (F-344) rats differ from other common rat strains in that they
fail to show any preference for NaCl at any concentration in two- bottle
preference tests. Because 100 microM amiloride partially blocks the
NaCl-evoked chorda tympani (CT) response in electrophysiological studies,
we tested NaCl preference (0.068-0.273 M) in F-344 rats with and without
100 microM amiloride solution as the solvent. A third group was tested with
unadulterated NaCl solutions following CT transection. Amiloride had no
significant effect on the NaCl preference-aversion function, whereas CT
transection significantly reduced NaCl avoidance. These results suggest
that the amiloride-sensitive component of the NaCl response is not
necessary for F-344 rats to display avoidance of NaCl, but the entire CT
input is.
相似文献