广椭牛齿兰，中国兰科一新记录种

报道了在海南热带雨林国家公园内发现的兰科牛齿兰属中国一新记录种：广椭牛齿兰[Appendicula ovalis(Schltr.) J.J.Sm. ex Mansf.]。该种原分布于马来半岛、苏门答腊岛、爪哇岛、婆罗洲、苏拉威西岛,在形态上与国内记录的4种牛齿兰属植物均有较大差别,如茎中部具分枝、叶广椭圆形、单个花序仅着生1朵花、且唇瓣扭转具粉紫色斑块等特征。对产自海南的该种形态和生境进行了详细描述,并提供高清解剖照片。凭证标本保存于海南大学林学院教学标本馆(HUFB)。     

光周期调节光敏感核不育水稻叶片抗环血酸过氧化物酶的活性

从第二次枝梗原基分化期开始用长日照(LD)或短日照(SD)处理光敏感核不育水稻农垦58S 和常规水稻农垦58。与 SD 处理比较,LD 处理明显抑制农垦58S 和农垦58的抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(AsAPOD)的活性,对农垦58S 的 AsA POD 活性的抑制效应较之农垦58的大。随着 AsAPOD 活性下降,抗坏血酸(AsA)和丙二醛(MDA)的含量逐渐增加,AsA POD 活性与 AsA 和MDA 含量之间呈负相关。LD 抑制 ASA POD 活性和抑制幼穗发育的时间有一定的一致性。推测在 LD 处理下 AsA POD 活性下降与幼穗发育受阻有某些内在的联系。     

广西内陆水域外来鱼类入侵风险分析

【目的】对广西内陆水域的外来鱼类进行入侵风险评估和适生区预测,为广西外来鱼类入侵防治及水生态环境保护提供科学依据。【方法】采用鱼类入侵风险和水生生物入侵能力筛查系统2个体系筛选广西内陆水域具有入侵风险的鱼类,并用最大熵模型预测高入侵风险鱼类在广西内陆水域的潜在适生区。【结果】广西内陆水域共记录有外来鱼类18种,其中13种鱼类具有高入侵风险,分别为尖齿胡鲇、尼罗罗非鱼、莫桑比克罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼、豹纹脂身鲇、齐氏罗非鱼、大口黑鲈、斑点叉尾鮰、短盖肥脂鲤、露斯塔野鲮、条纹鲮脂鲤、麦瑞加拉鲮和食蚊鱼,2种具有中入侵风险,为丁鱥和太湖新银鱼。适生区预测结果表明,极易发生鱼类入侵的水域为黔江、郁江和南流江。【结论】对中、高入侵风险的鱼类均需重点监控且在具有高入侵风险水域应对外来鱼类开展持续性监测,并进行早期筛查。     

花蜜微生物与传粉者的相互作用：现状与展望

传粉者是花蜜微生物的重要传播载体,驱动了花蜜微生物群落结构和功能的变化。微生物在花蜜中定殖后,能够改变花蜜质量和花信号,间接影响传粉者觅食决策和适合度,也能通过直接作用影响传粉者健康。本文总结了传粉者对花蜜微生物群落结构和功能的影响,以及花蜜微生物对传粉者觅食行为和适合度的改变,最后阐述了相关领域的未来研究方向,旨在为花蜜微生物和传粉者资源的保护和利用提供参考资料。     

DNA barcoding of Cymbidium by genome skimming: Call for next-generation nuclear barcodes

Cymbidium is an orchid genus that has undergone rapid radiation and has high ornamental, economic, ecological and cultural importance, but its classification based on morphology is controversial. The plastid genome (plastome), as an extension of plant standard DNA barcodes, has been widely used as a potential molecular marker for identifying recently diverged species or complicated plant groups. In this study, we newly generated 237 plastomes of 50 species (at least two individuals per species) by genome skimming, covering 71.4% of members of the genus Cymbidium. Sequence-based analyses (barcoding gaps and automatic barcode gap discovery) and tree-based analyses (maximum likelihood, Bayesian inference and multirate Poisson tree processes model) were conducted for species identification of Cymbidium. Our work provides a comprehensive DNA barcode reference library for Cymbidium species identification. The results show that compared with standard DNA barcodes (rbcL + matK) as well as the plastid trnH-psbA, the species identification rate of the plastome increased moderately from 58% to 68%. At the same time, we propose an optimized identification strategy for Cymbidium species. The plastome cannot completely resolve the species identification of Cymbidium, the main reasons being incomplete lineage sorting, artificial cultivation, natural hybridization and chloroplast capture. To further explore the potential use of nuclear data in identifying species, the Skmer method was adopted and the identification rate increased to 72%. It appears that nuclear genome data have a vital role in species identification and are expected to be used as next-generation nuclear barcodes.     

中国东北地区三种蜜环菌的生物学特性及奥氏蜜环菌人工培养

蜜环菌属Armillaria真菌具有较高的食药用价值。由于蜜环菌的生长发育过程较复杂,还未完全实现商业化栽培,野生资源的供应受到季节性和地域性的影响。本研究以采自东北地区蜜环菌属的3个菌株为研究对象,通过培养物的形态特征及分子标记确定菌株JG19016为奥氏蜜环菌A. ostoyae,菌株JG19017为高卢蜜环菌A. gallica,菌株JG19018为中国蜜环菌生物种C。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016最适生长温度为25 ℃,高卢蜜环菌JG19017的最适生长温度为22 ℃,中国蜜环菌生物种C JG19018则在22-25 ℃时菌丝生长速度最快;3个菌株最适pH为5-6。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016对葡萄糖和蔗糖利用率较好,高卢蜜环菌JG19017对葡萄糖利用率较好,中国蜜环菌生物种C JG19018对葡萄糖和淀粉利用率较好;蛋白胨对3个菌株促进作用最强,为最适氮源。培养基中加入VB₁,对3个菌株的菌丝生长均有明显的促进作用。奥氏蜜环菌JG19016菌丝生长的最优培养基配方为：葡萄糖20 g,蛋白胨3 g,磷酸二氢钾2 g,硫酸镁1.5 g,VB₁ 10 mg,琼脂20 g,水1 L。在木屑基质中培养,其配方的最优碳氮比为38:1,最佳木屑粗细比为3:1以上。出菇条件探索结果显示,菌丝及菌索长满菌袋(17 mm×33 mm×5 mm丝聚乙烯袋)需要50-60 d,之后在18 ℃、60%湿度和12 h散射光的环境中,10 d左右可观察到原基产生。增加菇房湿度到90%-95%,2-3 d可观察到1-3 cm的幼子实体,7 d左右菌柄和菌盖完全分化,10 d左右观察到菌盖展开。     

用ribozyme抑制增殖细胞核抗原的表达对HaLa细胞增殖的影响

增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)是DNA聚合酶δ的辅助蛋白,它是细胞染色体DNA复制所必需的。人工设计的ribozyme具有可特异地切割PCNA mRNA的性质,将此ribozyme的自修剪体内表达质粒导入HeLa细胞,从细胞总RNA中分离相应部分能在体外切割靶RNA片段,证明此表达质粒在细胞内能表达出有活性的ribozyme分子。与对照相比,导入ribo-zyme表达质粒的HeLa细胞进入S期的时间从12 h推迟到20 h,而突变ribozyme的对照表明反义抑制对细胞进入S期的影响较小(推迟到15 h)。证明该ribozyme能有效抑制He-La细胞DNA复制,同时亦证明PCNA对于细胞DNA复制及细胞周期进程的重要性。     

Signal transduction pathways in guinea pig sperm

Trifluoperazine (TFP), the antagonist of calmodulin (CaM). significantly stimulated the capacitation and acrosome reaction of guinea pig spermatozoa at the concentration of 10-100μmol/L, independent of the external Ca2+. Forskolin, dbcAMP and caffeine evidently promoted the occurrence of acrosome reaction of spermatozoa at early capacitation stage (5 h) in nonsynchronous system but not in synchronous system. If the spermatozoa were capacitated for 15 h in synchronous system, the above three drugs significantly stimulated acrosome reaction in a Ca2+-independent manner. Protein kinase C activators, i.e. phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) did not influence the occurrence of acrosome reaction of spermatozoa at early capacitation stage, but significantly increased the acrosome reaction rate in capacitated spermatozoa in a Ca2+-independent manner. In contrast. PKC inhibitor staurosporine significantly inhibited the occurrence of acrosome reaction.     

Active expression of Gγ globin gene on chromosome 11 with Yunnanese (Ayγδβ)~0-thalasseinia deletion in MEL cells

A permanent lymphocyte cell line of a heterozygote with Yunnanese (Aγδβ)0-thalassemia deletion, associated with an increased production of Cry globin in adult, was founded using Epstein-Barr virus transformation. The hybrids of the lymphocyte cell and mouse erythroleukemia cell (MEL) were achieved and the hybrids containing human chromosome 11 were selected with the monoclonal antibody 53/6. The subclones containing only either the normal or the abnormal human chromosome 11 were separated and the expression of the human globin genes was studied. Expression of the β-globin gene, but not the Cγ and Aγ, was observed in the hybrids containing only the normal human chromosome 11, while active expression of the Cγ globin gene was observed in the hybrids containing only the abnormal human chromosome 11. These results have confirmed that the DNA deletion in the β-globin gene cluster is the cause of persistent active expression of the Cγ globin gene in the Yunnanese mutant.