全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4470篇 |
免费 | 385篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 15篇 |
2022年 | 10篇 |
2021年 | 67篇 |
2020年 | 45篇 |
2019年 | 49篇 |
2018年 | 74篇 |
2017年 | 60篇 |
2016年 | 115篇 |
2015年 | 208篇 |
2014年 | 237篇 |
2013年 | 272篇 |
2012年 | 361篇 |
2011年 | 353篇 |
2010年 | 216篇 |
2009年 | 204篇 |
2008年 | 258篇 |
2007年 | 303篇 |
2006年 | 324篇 |
2005年 | 301篇 |
2004年 | 260篇 |
2003年 | 251篇 |
2002年 | 231篇 |
2001年 | 54篇 |
2000年 | 49篇 |
1999年 | 55篇 |
1998年 | 81篇 |
1997年 | 46篇 |
1996年 | 34篇 |
1995年 | 39篇 |
1994年 | 29篇 |
1993年 | 31篇 |
1992年 | 31篇 |
1991年 | 24篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 13篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 14篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 10篇 |
1982年 | 16篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 2篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
1964年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有4857条查询结果,搜索用时 187 毫秒
991.
David Robinson Ivan Karnauchov Reinhold G. Herrmann Ralf Bernd Klösgen Colin Robinson 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》1996,10(1):149-155
Nuclear-encoded proteins are targeted into and across the thylakoid membrane by a surprising variety of mechanisms. Distinct Sec- and ΔpH-dependent mechanisms have been shown to operate for lumenal proteins, and an integral membrane protein, LHCP, has been shown to insert via a signal recognition particle-dependent route. Integration of a further membrane protein, CFoII, requires neither soluble factors nor energy sources, prompting speculation of a spontaneous insertion mechanism. Although the requirements for soluble factors and energy sources have been determined in some detail, much less is known of the events taking place at the membrane surface. This report examines whether thylakoid proteins are involved in each of these pathways, by testing the effects of trypsin on the capacity of isolated thylakoids to import proteins. Because all of the pathways rely to some extent on the thylakoidal ΔpH, and a light-induced ΔpH is easily destroyed by proteolysis, the conditions under which reverse action of the ATP synthase in the dark generates a high ΔpH even after proteolysis of thylakoids have been established. This system is used to show that protease-sensitive thylakoidal import machinery is crucial for the ΔpH-, Sec- and signal recognition particle-dependent pathways, but not for integration of CFoII. 相似文献
992.
LAP proteins are localized at the post‐synaptic membrane of neuromuscular junctions and appear to modulate synaptic morphology and transmission 下载免费PDF全文
993.
994.
995.
Verena Schm?kel Nadin Memar Anne Wiekenberg Martin Trotzmüller Ralf Schnabel Frank D?ring 《Genetics》2016,202(3):1071-1083
Lipids play a pivotal role in embryogenesis as structural components of cellular membranes, as a source of energy, and as signaling molecules. On the basis of a collection of temperature-sensitive embryonic lethal mutants, a systematic database search, and a subsequent microscopic analysis of >300 interference RNA (RNAi)–treated/mutant worms, we identified a couple of evolutionary conserved genes associated with lipid storage in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. The genes include cpl-1 (cathepsin L–like cysteine protease), ccz-1 (guanine nucleotide exchange factor subunit), and asm-3 (acid sphingomyelinase), which is closely related to the human Niemann-Pick disease–causing gene SMPD1. The respective mutant embryos accumulate enlarged droplets of neutral lipids (cpl-1) and yolk-containing lipid droplets (ccz-1) or have larger genuine lipid droplets (asm-3). The asm-3 mutant embryos additionally showed an enhanced resistance against C band ultraviolet (UV-C) light. Herein we propose that cpl-1, ccz-1, and asm-3 are genes required for the processing of lipid-containing droplets in C. elegans embryos. Owing to the high levels of conservation, the identified genes are also useful in studies of embryonic lipid storage in other organisms. 相似文献
996.
Maximilian Lange Jörg Schaber Andreas Marx Greta Jäckel Franz-Werner Badeck Ralf Seppelt Daniel Doktor 《International journal of biometeorology》2016,60(11):1711-1726
This study investigates whether the assumed increase of winter and spring temperatures is depicted by phenological models in correspondingly earlier bud burst (BB) dates. Some studies assume that rising temperatures lead to an earlier BB, but even later BB has been detected. The phenological model PIM (promoter-inhibitor-model) fitted to the extensive phenological database of the German Weather Service was driven by several climate scenarios. This model accounts for the complicated mechanistic interactions between chilling requirements, temperature and photo-period. It predicts BB with a r2 between 0.41 and 0.62 and a RMSE of around 1 week, depending on species. Parameter sensitivities depict species dependent interactions between growth and chilling requirements as well as photo-period. A mean trend to earlier BB was revealed for the period 2002– 2100, varying between ?0.05 and ?0.11 days per year, depending on species. These trends are lower than for the period 1951– 2009. Within climate scenario period, trends are decreasing for beech and chestnut, stagnating for birch and increasing for oak. Results suggest that not fulfilled chilling requirements accompanied by an increasing dependency on photo-period potentially limit future BB advancement. The combination of a powerful phenological model, a large scale phenological database and several climate scenarios, offers new insights into the mechanistic comprehension of spring phenology. 相似文献
997.
Kim-Kristin Prior Ilka Wittig Matthias S. Leisegang Jody Groenendyk Norbert Weissmann Marek Michalak Pidder Jansen-Dürr Ajay M. Shah Ralf P. Brandes 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2016,291(13):7045-7059
Within the family of NADPH oxidases, NOX4 is unique as it is predominantly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, has constitutive activity, and generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We hypothesize that these features are consequences of a so far unidentified NOX4-interacting protein. Two-dimensional blue native (BN) electrophorese combined with SDS-PAGE yielded NOX4 to reside in macromolecular complexes. Interacting proteins were screened by quantitative SILAC (stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture) co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) in HEK293 cells stably overexpressing NOX4. By this technique, several interacting proteins were identified with calnexin showing the most robust interaction. Calnexin also resided in NOX4-containing complexes as demonstrated by complexome profiling from BN-PAGE. The calnexin NOX4 interaction could be confirmed by reverse Co-IP and proximity ligation assay, whereas NOX1, NOX2, or NOX5 did not interact with calnexin. Calnexin deficiency as studied in mouse embryonic fibroblasts from calnexin−/− mice or in response to calnexin shRNA reduced cellular NOX4 protein expression and reactive oxygen species formation. Our results suggest that endogenous NOX4 forms macromolecular complexes with calnexin, which are needed for the proper maturation, processing, and function of NOX4 in the endoplasmic reticulum. 相似文献
998.
Silvia Galiani Dominic Waithe Katharina Reglinski Luis Daniel Cruz-Zaragoza Esther Garcia Mathias P. Clausen Wolfgang Schliebs Ralf Erdmann Christian Eggeling 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2016,291(33):16948-16962
Membrane-associated events during peroxisomal protein import processes play an essential role in peroxisome functionality. Many details of these processes are not known due to missing spatial resolution of technologies capable of investigating peroxisomes directly in the cell. Here, we present the use of super-resolution optical stimulated emission depletion microscopy to investigate with sub-60-nm resolution the heterogeneous spatial organization of the peroxisomal proteins PEX5, PEX14, and PEX11 around actively importing peroxisomes, showing distinct differences between these peroxins. Moreover, imported protein sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) occupies only a subregion of larger peroxisomes, highlighting the heterogeneous distribution of proteins even within the peroxisome. Finally, our data reveal subpopulations of peroxisomes showing only weak colocalization between PEX14 and PEX5 or PEX11 but at the same time a clear compartmentalized organization. This compartmentalization, which was less evident in cases of strong colocalization, indicates dynamic protein reorganization linked to changes occurring in the peroxisomes. Through the use of multicolor stimulated emission depletion microscopy, we have been able to characterize peroxisomes and their constituents to a yet unseen level of detail while maintaining a highly statistical approach, paving the way for equally complex biological studies in the future. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Targeted redox inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 by Nox4 regulates eIF2α‐mediated stress signaling 下载免费PDF全文
Celio XC Santos Anne D Hafstad Matteo Beretta Min Zhang Chris Molenaar Jola Kopec Dina Fotinou Thomas V Murray Andrew M Cobb Daniel Martin Maira Zeh Silva Narayana Anilkumar Katrin Schröder Catherine M Shanahan Alison C Brewer Ralf P Brandes Eric Blanc Maddy Parsons Vsevelod Belousov Richard Cammack Robert C Hider Roberto A Steiner Ajay M Shah 《The EMBO journal》2016,35(3):319-334