冬虫夏草菌3个细胞核蛋白编码基因的分子进化

【目的】分析3个细胞核蛋白编码基因(csp1、MAT1-1-1和MAT1-2-1)在不同冬虫夏草菌株间的分子进化。【方法】从125个冬虫夏草样品中分别扩增csp1、MAT1-1-1和MAT1-2-1基因序列,比较外显子和内含子间以及2个交配型基因间的序列变异程度,比较基于不同基因或基因区域所构建的系统发育树拓扑结构的差异,分析3个基因承受的选择压力和DNA重组情况。【结果】3个蛋白编码基因外显子区的长度在不同菌株间高度保守,具有4.5%?5.7%的变异位点;内含子区的长度在不同菌株间相同或不同,具有1.8%?22%的变异位点。对于2个交配型基因,MAT1-1-1的碱基变异率低于MAT1-2-1。基于外显子与内含子构建的系统发育树的拓扑结构,以及基于2个交配型基因外显子构建的系统发育树的拓扑结构都存在明显差异。3个蛋白编码基因都经历着净化选择作用。基因内部的不同DNA位点间有重组,但3个基因片段之间没有明显的重组发生。【结论】由于冬虫夏草菌不同基因以及基因的不同区域表现出进化上的差异,所以在开展冬虫夏草菌进化相关的研究时,应该联合使用多个不同的基因片段。     

枸杞岛海域表层水真菌群落多样性研究

通过扩增子测序,分析了枸杞岛附近海域表层水中真菌群落组成及其多样性特征。结果表明,枸杞岛周围海域真菌群落组成稳定,优势真菌菌门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),优势菌纲为座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes),优势真菌属包括Hortaea、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)。其中丰度最高的OTU1765属于威尼克外瓶霉（Hortaea werneckii）,经FUNGuild功能预测发现这是一种潜在的人类和植物病原真菌。枸杞岛附近海域表层水中真菌群落的生态功能组成比较丰富,主要为植物病原菌和未明确的腐生真菌。研究结果揭示了枸杞岛附近海域表层水中的真菌群落组成特点,为枸杞岛附近海域表层水中微生物资源的开发利用及环境保护提供参考。     

兽用疫苗管理与控制的国际标准

兽用疫苗是兽医医学产品,需接受像医学产品相同或相似的管理和控制标准,这意味着动物疫苗必须满足复杂的要求,保障产品在预期使用条件下的质量、安全性和免疫效力.在动物医药领域中,欧盟和美国的动物疫苗管理和控制体系发展早,制度完整,为其他国家和地区建立良好的动物疫苗管理与控制标准提供了有价值的参考信息.另外,统一各个国家和地区...     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术术式对术肾肾功能的影响

目的:探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术(LNSS)术式对术肾肾功能的影响。方法:2009年1月-2010年12月行经后腹膜途径腹腔镜保留肾单位手术例26。男16例,女10例。随访时间>1年的有18例。年龄40-70岁。肾细胞癌23例,肾嫌色细胞癌2例,肾平滑肌瘤1例。肿瘤直径2.6-3.2cm,平均2.9cm。所有患者术中阻断肾动脉,剪刀切除肿瘤。术中肾动脉阻断时间20-30min,平均26.4分钟。分别于术前、术后2周、术后3月、术后1年测定双肾显像、血清肌酐、血清胱抑素。结果:18例患者术肾术前GFR及占总GFR的比例分别为53.2±7.8 ml/min和50.7±3.6%,术后两周GFR及占总GFR的比例分别为31.2±8.9 ml/min和35.8±5.8%,术后3月GFR及占总GFR的比例分别为34.7±8.6 ml/min和38.4±5.3%,术后1年GFR及占总GFR的比例分别为41.1±9.7 ml/min和43.2±6.2%。血清肌酐及血清胱抑素术前术后对比因为受对侧肾功能的影响不能反映对分肾功能的影响。结论:LNSS术式对于直径小于4cm的肾早期肿瘤是切实可行的。     

血浆uPA、uPAR在乳腺癌分子亚型中的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨血浆uPA、uPAR在不同分子亚型乳腺癌中的表达水平及其对乳腺癌患者治疗、预后等的临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化ELISA方法测定的女性乳腺癌初治患者86例的血浆uPA、uPAR水平,所有患者均经组织病理学确诊,以患者的临床病理学资料提供的免疫组化结果为基础进行分子分型,结合二者进行分析。结果:血浆uPA在乳腺癌不同分子亚型中表达有统计学差异(P<0.01),uPAR在乳腺癌不同分子亚型中表达有统计学差异(P<0.05);乳腺癌患者血浆uPA和uPAR呈显著正相关(P<0.01,Pearson相关系数r=0.735)。结论:乳腺癌患者血浆uPA和uPAR的水平与分子亚型密切相关,他们和分子亚型联合,可能对乳腺癌个体化治疗及判定预后有指导意义。     

Plant hydraulics and photosynthesis of 34 woody species from different successional stages of subtropical forests

It is important to understand the ecophysiological characters of plants when exploring mechanisms underlying species substitution in the process of plant succession. In the present study, we selected 34 woody species from different stages of secondary succession in subtropical forests of southern China, and measured their hydraulic conductivity, gas exchange rates, leaf nutrients and drought‐tolerance traits such as xylem resistance to cavitation, turgor loss point and carbon isotope ratio. Principal component analysis revealed that early‐, mid‐ and late‐successional species were significantly separated along axis 1, which was strongly associated with hydraulic‐photosynthetic coordination. In contrast to species distributed in late‐successional forest, early‐successional species had the highest hydraulic conductivity, net photosynthetic rates, photosynthetic nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies, but had the lowest photosynthetic water‐use efficiency. However, changes of the measured drought‐tolerance traits of the 34 species along the succession did not demonstrate a clear trend – no significant correlations between these traits and plant successional stages were found. Moreover, the trade‐off between hydraulic efficiency and safety was not identified. Taken together, our results suggested that hydraulic efficiency and photosynthetic function, rather than drought tolerance, play an important role in species distributions along plant succession in subtropical forests.     

枸杞岛养殖贻贝中诺如病毒污染情况调查与分析

为了解养殖场内贻贝的诺如病毒（Norovirus,NoVs）污染情况和基因型分布特点,分别于2019年4月和9月在浙江省舟山市枸杞岛后头湾和龙泉村贻贝养殖场近岸和远岸区域进行贻贝样本采集及诺如病毒检测,共检测670只贻贝样本,诺如病毒阳性率约9.9%（66/670）。离人类活动区域较近的贻贝,诺如病毒阳性率占总阳性率的72.7%（48/66）,远岸的贻贝诺如病毒阳性率占总阳性率的27.3%（18/66）。共检测到6种诺如病毒基因型,分别为GI.3（36.4%）、GI.4（19.7%）、GII.12（18.2%）、GII.17（13.6%）、GII.3（10.6%）和GII.2（1.5%）。研究表明,枸杞岛养殖场中诺如病毒污染率较高,涉及基因型较多,人类活动对养殖场内贻贝中诺如病毒的富集量具有一定影响。     

不同野化训练条件下朱鹮的行为差异

2010年7月至201 1年1月,在陕西省洋县朱鹮生态园和华阳镇朱鹮野化训练基地,采用瞬时扫描取样法和行为取样法,对2处野化训练大网笼中朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)(n洋县=30只;n华阳=22只)的行为进行研究,同时调查2处大网笼野化训练条件的不同.结果表明,在觅食行为的时间分配中,秋季洋县群的划动寻觅、探...     

The phosphorylation network for efficient activation of the DNA replication checkpoint in fission yeast

Protein phosphorylation is the hallmark of checkpoint activation. Hundreds of targets of checkpoint kinases have been identified recently by genome-wide investigations. However, the complete picture of a phosphorylation network required for activation of a checkpoint pathway has not been available. The DNA replication checkpoint in Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains two major protein kinases, the sensor kinase Rad3 and the effector kinase Cds1, with the latter mediating most of the checkpoint functions. We show here that when DNA replication is arrested, efficient activation of Cds1 requires five phosphorylations that cooperate in a parallel or a sequential manner. Phosphorylation of a threonine residue (Thr(11)) in Cds1 by Rad3 occurs at a basal level in the absence of three other parallel Rad3-dependent phosphorylations on the mediator Mrc1 and Rad9 in the checkpoint clamp complex. However, the three parallel Rad3-dependent phosphorylations are all required for efficient phosphorylation of Thr(11) in Cds1 by Rad3. Phosphorylation of Thr(11) has been shown previously to promote autophosphorylation of Thr(328) in the kinase domain of Cds1, which directly activates the enzyme, leading to full activation of the checkpoint pathway. Interestingly, phosphorylation of Mrc1 by Rad3 does not require the phosphorylation of Rad9, suggesting that activation of the sensor kinase Rad3 in the replication checkpoint of fission yeast may involve a different mechanism.     

A new,three‐dimensionally preserved enantiornithine bird (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from Gansu Province,north‐western China

In recent years, the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) Xiagou Formation has yielded approximately 100 avian partial skeletons, many with soft‐tissue traces, from sites in the Changma Basin of Gansu Province, north‐western China. The most abundant taxon amongst these is the ornithuromorph Gansus yumenensis, but enantiornithines have also been identified in the sample. Here we describe two incomplete, semi‐articulated appendicular skeletons, the first consisting of a partial left pelvic girdle and complete pelvic limb, and the second comprised of a nearly complete right pelvic limb. Both specimens bear characteristics diagnostic of Enantiornithes, and are referred to a new taxon, Qiliania graffini gen. et sp. nov. The exceptional, three‐dimensional preservation of these specimens (compared to the crushed, nearly two‐dimensional condition of most other Early Cretaceous avian fossils) reveals new information regarding enantiornithine anatomy, evolution, and diversity. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 162 , 201–219.