Presence and role of stem cells in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy. It is typically diagnosed at advanced stages of the disease, with metastatic sites disseminated widely within the abdominal cavity. Ovarian cancer treatment is challenging due to high disease recurrence and further complicated pursuant to acquired chemoresistance. Cancer stem cell(CSC) theory proposes that both tumor development and progression are driven by undifferentiated stem cells capable of self-renewal and tumor-initiation. The most recent evidence revealed that CSCs in terms of ovarian cancer are not only responsible for primary tumor growth, metastasis and relapse of disease, but also for the development of chemoresistance. As the elimination of this cell population is critical for increasing treatment success, a deeper understanding of ovarian CSCs pathobiology, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, signaling pathways and tumor microenvironment, is needed. Finally, before introducing new therapeutic agents for ovarian cancer, targeting CSCs, accurate identification of different ovarian stem cell subpopulations, including the very small embryoniclike stem cells suggested as progenitors, is necessary. To these ends, reliable markers of ovarian CSCs should be identified. In this review, we present the current knowledge and a critical discussion concerning ovarian CSCs and their clinical role.     

Mixed tetraoxanes containing the acetone subunit as antimalarials

Eleven new tetraoxanes possessing cholic acid-derived carrier and isopropylidene moiety were synthesized and were tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro screening revealed that nine of them were more potent against CQ-resistant W2 than CQ-susceptible D6 strain and that two of them were equally or more potent than artemisinin and mefloquine against multi-drug resistant TM91C235 strain. Amine 8 cured all mice at the dose of 160mg/kg/day, while the anilide 9 exhibited MCD相似文献   

Expression of endothelial selectin ligands on human leukocytes following dive

The fact that impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilatation after scuba diving often occurs without visible changes in the endothelial layer implies its biochemical origin. Since Lewis x (CD15) and sialyl-Lewis x (CD15s) are granulocyte and monocyte carbohydrate antigens recognized as ligands by endothelial selectins, we assumed that they could be sensitive markers for impaired vasodilatation following diving. Using flow cytometry, we determined the CD15 and CD15s peripheral blood mononuclear cells of eight divers, 30 mins before and 50 mins after a single dive to 54 m for 20 mins bottom time. The number of gas bubbles in the right heart was monitored by ultrasound. Gas bubbles were seen in all eight divers, with the average number of bubbles/cm(2) 1.9 +/- 1.9. The proportion of CD15 + monocytes increased 2-fold after the dive as well as the subpopulation of monocytes highly expressing CD15s. The absolute number of monocytes was slightly, but not significantly, increased after the dive, whereas the absolute number of granulocytes was markedly elevated (up to 61%). There were no significant correlations between bubble formation and CD15 + monocyte expression (r = - 0.56; P = 0.17), as well as with monocytes highly expressing CD15s (r = 0.43; P = 0.29). This study suggests that biochemical changes induced by scuba diving primarily activate existing monocytes rather than increase the number of monocytes at a time of acute arterial endothelial dysfunction.     

Impact of nano-topography on bacterial attachment

The adhesion of bacteria to surfaces is an important biological process, but one that has resisted simple categorization due to the number and complexity of parameters involved. The roughness of the substrate is known to play a significant role in the attachment process, particularly when the surface irregularities are comparable to the size of the bacteria and can provide shelter from unfavorable environmental factors. According to this scenario, roughness on a scale much smaller than the bacteria would not be expected to influence the initial attachment. To test this hypothesis, the impact of nanometer-scale roughness on bacterial attachment has been investigated using as-received and chemically etched glass surfaces. The surface modification by etching resulted in a 70% reduction in the nanoscale roughness of the glass surface with no significant alteration of its chemical composition or charge. Nevertheless, the number of bacteria adhering to the etched surface was observed to increase by a factor of three. The increase in attachment was also associated with an alteration in cellular metabolic activity as demonstrated by changes in characteristic cell morphologies and increased production of extracellular polymeric substances. The results indicate that bacteria may be more sensitive to nanoscale surface roughness than was previously believed.     

Influence of Oral Probiotic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Streptococcus salivarius</Emphasis> K12 on Ear and Oral Cavity Health in Humans: Systematic Review

Traditionally, probiotics are linked to the good health of the intestine and most clinical studies focus on that field. Evidence of oral probiotic use for ear and oral cavity disease prevention with impact on human health is limited. This work reviews existing studies and literature on Streptococcus salivarius K12 as an oral probiotic and effects of S. salivarius K12 on human ear and oral cavity human health. The studies were accessed via database searches: MEDLINE, PubMed, and Elsevier. The search included/focused on/encompassed publications from 2003 to 2016 with keywords related to K12 Streptococcus salivarius, bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (BLIS) K12, probiotic K12 salivarius, and K12 probiotic health effects. Only a small amount of studies was identified: the total of 68 studies was identified, 35 of which were relevant after screening, and 9 were included in the final analysis. Very little literature is available about the association/correlation between/connection/interrelation of S. salivarius K12 with/and human ear and oral cavity health. S. salivarius K12 may have a role in reducing the occurrence and/or severity of secretory otitis media (SOM) and also in prevention of streptococcal and viral pharyngotonsillitis in children. Research highlights that S. salivarius K12 has shown promising results in treatment of halitosis, but data are still deficient. Further studies need to be initiated to improve understanding of the association of oral probiotic S. salivarius K12 with human ear and oral cavity health.     

Characterization of a cryptic plasmid from Lactobacillus fermentum KC5b and its use for constructing a stable Lactobacillus cloning vector

Lactobacillus fermentum KC5b, a strain originally isolated from the human vagina, contains a cryptic plasmid pKC5b. The sequence and genetic organization of the 4392-bp plasmid were determined. It contains two convergently oriented replicons, which are homologous to each other and to the stable replicon of the Enterococcus faecium plasmid pMBB1. The two replicons of pKC5b were used either individually or together to construct Lactobacillus–Escherichia coli shuttle plasmids. Only the plasmid pSP1 that carried both replicons transformed lactobacilli, suggesting a complementary function between the two replicons. Since the replicons had a high homology to those of other plasmids that replicate via a theta-like mechanism and no detectable single-stranded intermediates were found for the plasmid, it is possible that pKC5b may replicate via a theta-like mechanism. The new shuttle plasmid pSP1 has been transformed and stably maintained in several Lactobacillus strains. As an initial application, pSP1 was used to clone the S-layer protein gene (slpA) of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 into a heterologous vaginal Lactobacillus strain and achieved surface-bound expression of the protein.