Eimeria ontarioensis n. sp., E. confusa Joseph, 1969 and Eimeria sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Ontario Gray Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis*

SYNOPSIS. Eimerians from 27 gray squirrels Sciurus carolinensis sampled in Waterloo County were studied. Two double-walled species, E. ontarioensis n. sp. which was piriform (36.8 × 23.5) and E. confusa Joseph which was subspherical (35.7 × 28.4), were described and compared with similar species from the genus Sciurus. Eimeria sp., ellipsoidal (24.9 × 14.4), from Ontario gray squirrels resembled E. ascotensis and E. neosciuri and was a new eimerian record from Ontario. The zoogeographic significance of E. ontarioensis n. sp. and E. sp. in North American gray squirrels is discussed.     

SELECTION, PREDICTION AND RESPONSE

1. The biometric approach to selection experiments has been outlined, and found to be rather deficient because it is based on excessively restrictive models which cannot take into account the complex architectures of quantitative traits as are being revealed today. 2. The nature of polygenes is discussed in detail from the theoretical point of view. In out breeding species, some form of the balanced polygenic complex is likely, showing polymorphism for the constituent genes. Although polymorphism is implicit in the argument, definitive evidence for poiymorphisms has only just appeared. 3. There is no evidence that polygenes differ from any other gene. 4. Several artificial selection experiments are described, in particular in Drosophila. By means of appropriate breeding techniques after obtaining responses to selection, genetic activity controlling quantitative traits can be located to chromosomes, and even specific loci found. Such few studies as have been carried out reveal, in general, the types of genetic architecture predicted on theoretical grounds. 5. Selection for behavioural traits is considered briefly and it appears that no new principles are needed, except that careful environmental control and objective measurement present problems. 6. The results of selection for quantitative traits in micro-organisms reveal similarities to results in higher organisms in the few cases where definitive work has been carried out. 7. Work on the simulation of models by computers has not greatly advanced selection experiment theory, mainly because, with few exceptions, linkage has been ignored. 8. The existing theory on which selection experiments are based is inadequate for several reasons. It cannot predict the rate of response to selection nor the ultimate limits to selection, the nature of correlated responses to selection, nor the nature of gene segregation underlying the observed variability. 9. Strains set up from single inseminated founder females from the same population of Drosophila have been shown to differ genetically for several quantitative traits. Therefore the base population is polymorphic for genes controlling these traits. This was exploited by carrying out directional selection on lines derived from those strains showing a high incidence of scutellar chaetae. This led to far more rapid responses to selection than lines derived from strains where the incidence of scutellar chaetae was lower. 10. Ultimately, one can envisage the selection experiment as it is known today being partly replaced by the manipulation of located genes controlling quantitative traits into certain combinations.     

口服卡介菌苗後结核菌素试验的陽转率

自1951年9月至1952年6月间,在北京有1,630名新生婴儿口服卡介菌苗,其中有1,063名在口服後举行结素试验,口服150毫克菌苗的164人中,在第十週结素陽转率为73．17％,第十四週時为94.96％。口服30毫克菌苗的899人中,在第十四週時结素陽转率为71.19％,其中僅0.77％有頸部淋巴腺腫大。说明口服卡介菌苗,使用简单,不须特殊技术,且引起併发症极微,可以广泛採用,尤其是推广到农村去,更为適合。     

乙型脑炎疫苗制偏方法的研究 I．制偏疫苗所用的稀释液和部分除去鼠脑组织对疫苗效价及其保存时间的影响

(一)乙型脑炎疫苗在用每分钟2,000转的速度沉澱20分钟後,疫苗中的总氮含量此较不沉澱的减少50％以上,但是疫苗的效价不论在其制成时或在保存一年的各时期 内,都没有比不沉澱的低。 (二)用含有5％的乳醣和一些鹽灰的溶液裂偏的疫苗的免疫效僵在各保存时期内都比用普通的生理鹽水制偏的疫苗为高,而且比较稳定。 (三)本文同时讨论了福尔马林的使用量和疫苗中蛋白質的含量的关系。     

The effect of increased deposition of atmospheric nitrogen on Calluna vulgaris in upland Britain

Regular (monthly) additions of NH₄NO₃ (4–12 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹) were made over a period of 8 yr (1989–98) to areas of moorland in North Wales dominated by the ericaceous shrub Calluna vulgaris . Results from the early stages of the experiment (1990–94) have shown marked and dose-related increases in shoot extension and canopy height in response to the nitrogen treatments, with significantly higher shoot nitrogen contents. The nitrogen-related stimulation in the growth of the C. vulgaris canopy over this period has resulted in large accumulations of litter on the high-nitrogen-treated plots (6.6 kg m⁻² in plots treated with 12 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹, compared with 3.8 kg m⁻² for the water controls). Litter nitrogen concentrations were also significantly increased at the higher rates of nitrogen addition, leading to a doubling of the total return of nitrogen to the litter layer over the experimental period. These changes in vegetation structure were associated with large reductions in the abundance of the bryophyte and lichen species normally present under the untreated canopy. Results since 1994, however, show little increase in shoot extension in response to the nitrogen treatments, with no clear dose response to increasing levels of addition. These findings are associated with a dose-related increase in the susceptibility of the nitrogen-treated areas of the C. vulgaris canopy to late winter injury, characterized as browning of the shoot tips in early to late spring. These results indicate that deleterious effects are now accumulating as a result of the long-term addition of nitrogen to these moorland plots.     

太湖生态系统能量闭合特征及其影响因素

地表能量不闭合不仅限制了涡度相关观测数据在陆面模型发展和验证等应用性研究中的价值,还给生态系统CO2源汇特征辨析带来不确定性。基于太湖避风港站2012年涡度相关通量、辐射、气象和水温梯度观测数据,分析了太湖能量闭合的多尺度(小时、日和月)时间变化特征,阐述了大气稳定度、摩擦风速和湖风对太湖能量闭合状况的影响。结果表明:太湖小时尺度的能量闭合度为0.59,且昼夜差异较小;日尺度的能量闭合度为0.73,在内陆水体观测结果中处于中等水平;月平均能量闭合度呈现冬季高、夏季低的季节变化特征;年平均时太湖仍有27%的能量不闭合。因摩擦风速减小,太湖能量闭合度在大气极不稳定条件下要比弱不稳定条件下结果低0.3;对于太湖这类大型浅水湖泊,其能量闭合度全天都受动力湍流交换强度制约,能量闭合度随摩擦风速增大而显著提高;虽然湖风发生使太湖小时尺度的能量闭合度降低了0.1,但其影响在日尺度上并不明显。     

眼镜王蛇泛素融合蛋白基因和核糖体蛋白L30基因的克隆及分析

从广西产眼镜王蛇（Ophiophagus hannah）毒腺中抽提总RNA,经mRNA纯化后构建眼镜王蛇毒腺cDNA文库。从所构建的cDNA文库中,随机筛选200个克隆测序,得到两个在进化上高度保守的基因：泛素融合蛋白基因（GenBank登录号为AF297036）和核糖体蛋白L30基因（GenBank登录号是AF297033）。前者cDNA的开放阅读框为387bp,后者为348bp。前者编码128个氨基酸残基组成的泛素融合蛋白前体;后者编码115个氨基酸残基组成的核糖体蛋白L30前体。由cDNA序列推导出的氨基酸序列分析表明,泛素融合蛋白前体包括N-末端的泛素结构域（76个氨基酸残基）和C-末端的核糖体蛋白L40结构域（52个氨基酸残基）。该蛋白为一高碱性蛋白,C末端含有一个“锌指”模式结构。与16个物种比较的结果表明,眼镜王蛇与脊椎动物的泛素融合蛋白氨基酸序列相似度较高,具有高度的保守性。     

Elevated CO2 and temperature alter nitrogen allocation in Douglas-fir

The effects of elevated CO₂ and temperature on principal carbon constituents (PCC) and C and N allocation between needle, woody (stem and branches) and root tissue of Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco seedlings were determined. The seedlings were grown in sun‐lit controlled‐environment chambers that contained a native soil. Chambers were controlled to reproduce ambient or ambient +180 ppm CO₂ and either ambient temperature or ambient +3.5 °C for 4 years. There were no significant CO₂ × temperature interactions; consequently the data are presented for the CO₂ and temperature effects. At the final harvest, elevated CO₂ decreased the nonpolar fraction of the PCC and increased the polar fraction and amount of sugars in the needles. In contrast, elevated temperature increased the nonpolar fraction of the PCC and decreased sugars in needles. There were no CO₂ or temperature effects on the PCC fractions in the woody tissue or root tissue. Elevated CO₂ and temperature had no significant effects on the C content of any of the plant tissues or fractions. In contrast, the foliar N content declined under elevated CO₂ and increased under elevated temperature; there were no significant effects in other tissues. The changes in the foliar N concentrations were in the cellulose and lignin fractions, the fractions, which contain protein, and are the consequences of changes in N allocation under the treatments. These results indicate reallocation of N among plant organs to optimize C assimilation, which is mediated via changes in the selectivity of Rubisco and carbohydrate modulation of gene expression.