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Humphrey Wanzirah Lucy S. Tusting Emmanuel Arinaitwe Agaba Katureebe Kilama Maxwell John Rek Christian Bottomley Sarah G. Staedke Moses Kamya Grant Dorsey Steve W. Lindsay 《PloS one》2015,10(1)
Background
Good house construction may reduce the risk of malaria by limiting the entry of mosquito vectors. We assessed how house design may affect mosquito house entry and malaria risk in Uganda.Methods
100 households were enrolled in each of three sub-counties: Walukuba, Jinja district; Kihihi, Kanungu district; and Nagongera, Tororo district. CDC light trap collections of mosquitoes were done monthly in all homes. All children aged six months to ten years (n = 878) were followed prospectively for a total of 24 months to measure parasite prevalence every three months and malaria incidence. Homes were classified as modern (cement, wood or metal walls; and tiled or metal roof; and closed eaves) or traditional (all other homes).Results
A total of 113,618 female Anopheles were collected over 6,765 nights. 6,816 routine blood smears were taken of which 1,061 (15.6%) were malaria parasite positive. 2,582 episodes of uncomplicated malaria were diagnosed after 1,569 person years of follow-up, giving an overall incidence of 1.6 episodes per person year at risk. The human biting rate was lower in modern homes than in traditional homes (adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.64, p<0.001). The odds of malaria infection were lower in modern homes across all the sub-counties (adjusted odds ratio 0.44, 95%CI 0.30–0.65, p<0.001), while malaria incidence was lower in modern homes in Kihihi (adjusted IRR 0.61, 95%CI 0.40–0.91, p = 0.02) but not in Walukuba or Nagongera.Conclusions
House design is likely to explain some of the heterogeneity of malaria transmission in Uganda and represents a promising target for future interventions, even in highly endemic areas. 相似文献23.
Wong CW Heng CL Wan Yee L Soh SW Kartasasmita CB Simoes EA Hibberd ML Sung WK Miller LD 《Genome biology》2007,8(5):R93
DNA microarrays used as 'genomic sensors' have great potential in clinical diagnostics. Biases inherent in random PCR-amplification, cross-hybridization effects, and inadequate microarray analysis, however, limit detection sensitivity and specificity. Here, we have studied the relationships between viral amplification efficiency, hybridization signal, and target-probe annealing specificity using a customized microarray platform. Novel features of this platform include the development of a robust algorithm that accurately predicts PCR bias during DNA amplification and can be used to improve PCR primer design, as well as a powerful statistical concept for inferring pathogen identity from probe recognition signatures. Compared to real-time PCR, the microarray platform identified pathogens with 94% accuracy (76% sensitivity and 100% specificity) in a panel of 36 patient specimens. Our findings show that microarrays can be used for the robust and accurate diagnosis of pathogens, and further substantiate the use of microarray technology in clinical diagnostics. 相似文献
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Elodie Calvez Laurent Guillaumot Laurent Millet Jér?me Marie Hervé Bossin Vineshwaran Rama Akata Faamoe Sosiasi Kilama Magali Teurlai Fran?oise Mathieu-Daudé Myrielle Dupont-Rouzeyrol 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2016,10(1)
Background
The Pacific region is an area unique in the world, composed of thousands of islands with differing climates and environments. The spreading and establishment of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in these islands might be linked to human migration. Ae. aegypti is the major vector of arboviruses (dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses) in the region. The intense circulation of these viruses in the Pacific during the last decade led to an increase of vector control measures by local health authorities. The aim of this study is to analyze the genetic relationships among Ae. aegypti populations in this region.Methodology/Principal Finding
We studied the genetic variability and population genetics of 270 Ae. aegypti, sampled from 9 locations in New Caledonia, Fiji, Tonga and French Polynesia by analyzing nine microsatellites and two mitochondrial DNA regions (CO1 and ND4). Microsatellite markers revealed heterogeneity in the genetic structure between the western, central and eastern Pacific island countries. The microsatellite markers indicate a statistically moderate differentiation (FST = 0.136; P < = 0.001) in relation to island isolation. A high degree of mixed ancestry can be observed in the most important towns (e.g. Noumea, Suva and Papeete) compared with the most isolated islands (e.g. Ouvea and Vaitahu). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that most of samples are related to Asian and American specimens.Conclusions/Significance
Our results suggest a link between human migrations in the Pacific region and the origin of Ae. aegypti populations. The genetic pattern observed might be linked to the island isolation and to the different environmental conditions or ecosystems. 相似文献26.
Erratum: Wunderlich RE, Simons EL, Jungers WL. 1996. New Pedal Remains of Megaladapis and Their Functional Significance. Am J Phys Anthropol 100:115–139. 相似文献
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Robert Vince John Kilama Phuong T. Pham Scott A. Beers Bonnie J. Bowdon Kathy A. Keith 《Nucleosides, nucleotides & nucleic acids》2013,32(8):1703-1708
Abstract A series of 6-alkoxy and 6-alkylamino carbovir derivatives were synthesized in order to evaluate prodrug approaches to increased bioavailability of the anti-HIV agent, carbovir. All of the compounds were active against HIV with the N-alkyl derivatives less active than the corresponding O-alkyl derivatives. The adenosine deaminase inhibitor, EHNA, had no effect on the anti-HIV activity of 6-propoxycarbovir, while the adenylic acid deaminase inhibitor, 2′-deoxycoformycin, significantly decreased antiviral activity. These observations suggest that the 6-alkoxycarbovirs are metabolized directly to the monophosphates and are subsequently converted to carbovir monophosphate via adenylic acid deaminase 相似文献
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Introduction
The relative resistance of non-chondrodystrophic (NCD) canines to degenerative disc disease (DDD) may be due to a combination of anabolic and anti-catabolic factors secreted by notochordal cells within the intervertebral disc (IVD) nucleus pulposus (NP). Factors known to induce DDD include interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and/or Fas-Ligand (Fas-L). Therefore we evaluated the ability of notochordal cell conditioned medium (NCCM) to protect NP cells from IL-1ß and IL-1ß +FasL-mediated cell death and degeneration.Methods
We cultured bovine NP cells with IL-1ß or IL-1ß+FasL under hypoxic serum-free conditions (3.5% O2) and treated the cells with either serum-free NCCM or basal medium (Advanced DMEM/F-12). We used flow cytometry to evaluate cell death and real-time (RT-)PCR to determine the gene expression of aggrecan, collagen 2, and link protein, mediators of matrix degradation ADAMTS-4 and MMP3, the matrix protection molecule TIMP1, the cluster of differentiation (CD)44 receptor, the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and Ank. We then determined the expression of specific apoptotic pathways in bovine NP cells by characterizing the expression of activated caspases-3, -8 and -9 in the presence of IL-1ß+FasL when cultured with NCCM, conditioned medium obtained using bovine NP cells (BCCM), and basal medium all supplemented with 2% FBS.Results
NCCM inhibits bovine NP cell death and apoptosis via suppression of activated caspase-9 and caspase-3/7. Furthermore, NCCM protects NP cells from the degradative effects of IL-1ß and IL-1ß+Fas-L by up-regulating the expression of anabolic/matrix protective genes (aggrecan, collagen type 2, CD44, link protein and TIMP-1) and down-regulating matrix degrading genes such as MMP-3. Expression of ADAMTS-4, which encodes a protein for aggrecan remodeling, is increased. NCCM also protects against IL-1+FasL-mediated down-regulation of Ank expression. Furthermore, NP cells treated with NCCM in the presence of IL-1ß+Fas-L down-regulate the expression of IL-6 by almost 50%. BCCM does not mediate cell death/apoptosis in target bovine NP cells.Conclusions
Notochordal cell-secreted factors suppress NP cell death by inhibition of activated caspase-9 and -3/7 activity and by up-regulating genes contributing anabolic activity and matrix protection of the IVD NP. Harnessing the restorative powers of the notochordal cell could lead to novel cellular and molecular strategies in the treatment of DDD. 相似文献29.
Zhenyu Cheng Yi-Yun C Wei Wilson WL Sung Bernard R Glick Brendan J McConkey 《Proteome science》2009,7(1):18
Background
Plant growth-promoting bacteria can alleviate the inhibitory effects of various heavy metals on plant growth, via decreasing levels of stress-induced ethylene. However, little has been done to detect any mechanisms specific for heavy metal resistance of this kind of bacteria. Here, we investigate the response of the wild-type plant growth-promoting bacterium Pseudomonas putida UW4 to nickel stress using proteomic approaches. The mutant strain P. putida UW4/AcdS-, lacking a functional 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase gene, was also assessed for its response to nickel stress. 相似文献30.
Proliferation of direct repeats near the Oenothera chloroplast DNA origin of replication 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The spacer between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes of the chloroplast DNA has
been implicated as an origin of replication in several species of plants.
In the evening primrose, Oenothera, this site was found to vary greatly in
size, with plastid genomes (plastomes) being readily distinguished. To
determine whether plastome "strength" in transmission could be correlated
with variation at oriB, the 16S rRNA-trnI spacer was sequenced from five
plastomes. The size variation was found to be due to differential
amplification (and deletion) of combinations of sequences belonging to
seven families of direct repeats. From these comparisons, one short series
of direct repeats and one region capable of forming a hairpin structure
were identified as candidates for the factor that could be responsible for
the differences between strong and weak plastome types. Ample sequence
variation allowed phylogenetic inferences to be made about the
relationships among the plastomes. Phylogenetic trees also could be
constructed for most of the families of direct repeats. The amplifications
and deletions of repeats that account for the size variation at oriB are
proposed to have occurred through extensive replication slippage at this
site.
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