Septum volume and food‐storing behavior are related in parids

The hippocampal formation (HF) of food‐storing birds is larger than non‐storing species, and the size of the HF in food‐storing Black‐Capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) varies seasonally. We examined whether the volume of the septum, a medial forebrain structure that shares reciprocal connections with the HF, demonstrates the same species and seasonal variation as has been shown in the HF. We compared septum volume in three parid species; non‐storing Blue Tits (Parus caeruleus) and Great Tits (Parus major), and food‐storing Black‐Capped Chickadees. We found the relative septum volume to be larger in chickadees than in the non‐storing species. We also compared septum and nucleus of the diagonal band (NDB) volume of Black‐Capped Chickadees at different times of the year. We found that the relative septum volume varies seasonally in food‐storing birds. The volume of the NDB does not vary seasonally. Due to the observed species and seasonal variation, the septum, like the hippocampal formation of food‐storing birds, may be specialized for some aspects of food‐storing and spatial memory. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 51: 215–222, 2002     

Relationships Between Animal Health Monitoring and the Risk Assessment Process

Risk assessment is part of the risk analysis process as it is used in veterinary medicine to estimate risks related to international trade and food safety. Data from monitoring and surveillance systems (MO&SS) are used throughout the risk assessment process for hazard identification, release assessment, exposure assessment and consequence assessment. As the quality of risk assessments depends to a large extent on the availability and quality of input data, there is a close relationship between MO&SS and risk assessment. In order to improve the quality of risk assessments, MO&SS should be designed according to minimum quality standards. Second, recent scientific developments on state-of-the-art design and analysis of surveys need to be translated into field applications and legislation. Finally, knowledge about the risk assessment process among MO&SS planners and managers should be promoted in order to assure high-quality data.     

Pollen-based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp

Pollen data from 18,000 ¹⁴C yr bp were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown. Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted. Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum. Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.     

Characterization and partial purification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Candida albicans</Emphasis> Secretory IL-12 Inhibitory Factor

Background  

We have previously shown that supernatant from Candida albicans (CA) culture contains a Secretory Interleukin (IL)-12 Inhibitory Factor (CA-SIIF), which inhibits IL-12 production by human monocytes. However, the effect of CA-SIIF on secretion of other cytokines by monocytes is unknown, and detailed characterization of this factor has not been performed.     

Genetics and Mechanism of Resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in Peanut Germplasm

Segregation of resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in six BC₅F₂ peanut breeding populations was examined in greenhouse tests. Chi-square analysis indicated that segregation of resistance was consistent with resistance being conditioned by a single gene in three breeding populations (TP259-3, TP262-3, and TP271-2), whereas two resistance genes may be present in the breeding populations TP259-2, TP263-2, and TP268-3. Nematode development in clonally propagated lines of resistant individuals of TP262-3 and TP263-2 was compared to that of the susceptible cultivar Florunner. Juvenile nematodes readily penetrated roots of all peanut genotypes, but rate of development was slower (P = 0.05) in the resistant genotypes than in Florunner. Host cell necrosis indicative of a hypersensitive response was not consistently observed in resistant genotypes of either population. Three RFLP loci linked to resistance at distances of 4.2 to 11.0 centiMorgans were identified. Resistant and susceptible alleles for RFLP loci R2430E and R2545E were quite distinct and are useful for identifying individuals homozygous for resistance in segregating populations.     

Effect of training on the rating of perceived exertion at the ventilatory threshold

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of training on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at the ventilatory threshold. College students were assigned to either training (n = 17) or control (n = 10) groups. Trainers completed 18 interval training sessions (five X 5 min cycling at 90-100% VO2max) and 8 continuous training sessions (40 min running or cycling) in 6 weeks. Pre- and post-training, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and perceptual variables were measured at the ventilatory threshold during graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer. Ventilatory threshold was that point above which VE X VO2-1 increased abruptly relative to work rate. Post-training means of trained and control subjects were compared using analysis of covariance, with pre-training values as covariates. Following training, the adjusted means for the trained subjects were significantly greater (p less than 0.05) than for controls for VO2max (6%), and for work rate (20%), VO2 (23%), and %VO2max (13%) at the ventilatory threshold. However, adjusted means for RPE at the ventilatory threshold were not significantly different (2%). Both before and after training, exercise at the ventilatory threshold was perceived as 'somewhat hard' to 'hard' (RPE = 13-15) by both groups. The relationship between RPE and %VO2max was altered by training, with trained subjects having a lower RPE at a given %VO2max. It is concluded that RPE at the ventilatory threshold is not affected by training, despite that after training the ventilatory threshold occurs at a higher work rate and is associated with higher absolute and relative metabolic and cardiorespiratory demands.