Auranofin affects early events in human polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation by receptor-mediated stimuli

Auranofin, a new oral antirheumatic gold compound, in concentrations achieved therapeutically, inhibits neutrophil phagocytosis, chemotaxis, chemiluminescence, reduction of cytochrome c, and release of lysosomal enzymes. To further characterize the mechanism by which auranofin affects neutrophils, we studied the effects of auranofin on unstimulated properties and functions of neutrophils as well as on rapidly stimulated functions. When examined by electron microscopy, 4 micrograms/ml of auranofin significantly decreased the number of visualized centriole-associated microtubules in resting cells. Furthermore, auranofin inhibited neutrophil spreading on glass and caused a decrease in negative surface charge (electrophoretic mobility). In addition, auranofin inhibited several fmet-leu-phe-stimulated responses such as shape change, increases in centriole-associated microtubules, decreases in surface charge, and elicited membrane potential changes (di-O-C5(3) dye response). Auranofin (1 micrograms/ml) inhibited fmet-leu-phe-stimulated superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production by 80% (p less than 0.05), and also increased the affinity of receptors for fmet-leu-phe (from Ka 0.035 to Ka 0.48, p less than 0.001). Auranofin also affected neutrophil responses to phorbol myristic acetate (PMA). The total amount of PMA-stimulated superoxide production was suppressed by as little as 0.4 micrograms/ml of auranofin, but the lag time for activation was shortened by low concentrations of auranofin (0.5 to 1 microgram/ml). Four micrograms per milliliter of auranofin suppressed the decrease in surface charge induced by PMA. However, auranofin did not influence superoxide production elicited by the ionophore A23187. The results indicate that auranofin affects the earliest detected responses in neutrophil activation by certain receptor-mediated stimuli.     

Neutrophil-stimulating activity of staphylococci based on reactive chemiluminescence data

The neutrophil-stimulating properties of 38 S. aureus strains and 32 S. epidermidis strains were studied in the reaction of luminol-mediated chemiluminescence. All S. aureus strains and 29 S. epidermidis strains were found to possess neutrophil-stimulating activity, the mean activity index for S. aureus being significantly higher. The stimulating activity of the strains varied within a wide range (the variation coefficient was 120.0 +/- 21.9%) and did not correlate with the content of protein A in bacterial cells and the degree of their hydrophoby. The opsonization of staphylococci with normal human serum enhanced the neutrophil reaction 1.5- to 100-fold and simultaneously leveled out the chemiluminescence indices in experiments with different strains (the variation coefficient was 8.0 +/- 1.5%). The nature of the neutrophil-stimulating effect of staphylococci and its relationship to the exploratory reactions of phagocytes are discussed.     

Expression of a lipocalin in prokaryote and eukaryote cells: quantification and structural characterization of recombinant bovine beta-lactoglobulin.

In this paper we quantify and characterize the expression of recombinant beta-lactoglobulin (rBLG) in prokaryote and eukaryote cells. In Escherichia coli we used the pET26 vector, which permits the secretion of rBLG in periplasm. We studied the expression of rBLG in COS-7 cells and in vivo in mouse tibialis muscle. The expression of rBLG was measured by two immunoassays specific, respectively, for BLG in its native and denatured conformation. We observed that rBLG was essentially expressed in a denatured form in E. coli even in the periplasm, whereas rBLG in eukaryote cells was found in its native conformation.     

Determination of AMP in the rat heart using skeletal muscle AMP deaminase

A new simple enzymatic method for measuring AMP content in freeze-clamped rat heart is presented. The method is based on the ammonia estimation after the deamination of 5'-AMP by muscle 5'-adenylic acid deaminase. The minimum detectable amount of AMP was about 1.5 nmol. The recovery of AMP added to the tissue homogenate was 94%. The variance coefficient evaluated by assaying five samples from one tissue extract was equal to 5%. AMP content of rat heart (0.28 mumol/g wet tissue) is comparable with the values reported by others.     

A new internal perfusion method for transport studies in squid giant axons

A new internal perfusion method has been developed which allows control of the internal solute composition in squid axons. The superiority of this technique compared to the old perfusion methods is shown by the experiments performed which have reproduced, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the Na+ and Ca2+ fluxes observed in intact and dialyzed axons. Compared with the internal dialysis, the perfusion method has the advantage that the permeability barrier give by the porous capillary has been eliminated. This allows the introduction into the axon of solutes with very high molecular weight, at the same time that a fast and reliable internal control can be achieved.     

The heparin binding domain of S-protein/vitronectin binds to complement components C7, C8, and C9 and perforin from cytolytic T-cells and inhibits their lytic activities

S-Protein/vitronectin is a serum glycoprotein that inhibits the lytic activity of the membrane attack complex of complement, i.e., of the complex including the proteins C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9n. We show that intact S-protein/vitronectin or its cyanogen bromide generated fragments also inhibit the hemolysis mediated by perforin from cytotoxic T-cells at 45 and 11 microM, respectively. The glycosaminoglycan binding site of S-protein/vitronectin is responsible for the inhibition, since a synthetic peptide corresponding to a part of this highly basic domain (amino acid residues 348-360) inhibits complement- as well as perforin-mediated cytolysis. In the case of C9, the synthetic peptide binds to the acidic residues occurring in its N-terminal cysteine-rich domain (residues 101-111). Antibodies raised against this particular segment react 25-fold better with the polymerized form of C9 as compared with its monomeric form, indicating that this site becomes exposed only upon the hydrophilic-amphiphilic transition of C9. Since the cysteine-rich domain of C9 has been shown to be highly conserved in C6, C7, and C8 as well as in perforin, the inhibition of the lytic activities of these molecules by S-protein/vitronectin or by peptides corresponding to its heparin binding site may be explained by a similar mechanism.