numb, a gene required in determination of cell fate during sensory organ formation in Drosophila embryos

Neurons and support cells of each sensory organ in Drosophila embryos are most likely derived from a single precursor cell. This cell lineage is affected in numb mutants. Morphological alterations of sensory structures, as well as changes in the number of cells expressing cell type-specific markers, indicate that sensory neurons in numb mutant embryos are transformed into lineage-related nonneuronal support cells. Thus the numb gene controls the fate of progeny derived from sensory organ precursors. The numb gene has been isolated by the plasmid rescue method. The structure of its predicted product is discussed.     

Mapping of antibody specificities to V H gene families

V _H gene segments represent the products of the repeated duplication and subsequent diversification of a primordial V gene element. It is widely assumed that natural selection, operating via pathogens, has played the dominant role in this process. Here, we screen some 3.7 × 10⁴ C ⁺ colonies of mitogen-activated B cells for the production of antibodies specific for phosphorylcholine or hen egg lysozyme and expression of the V _H X-24, S107, Q52, or J558 gene families. These gene families were expressed at frequencies proportional to their genomic complexity among both unselected and antigen-specific C ⁺ colonies. Thus, the capacity to encode equivalent antibody-combining sites is dispersed uniformly among V _Hfamilies. This result suggests that individual V _H genes have not evolved to address specific antigens.     

Dynamic light-scattering studies on the effect of heat and disinfectants on spores of Bacillus cereus.

The relative stability of spores of Bacillus cereus grown at three different temperatures was examined by using quasi-elastic light scattering (q.l.s.) in conjunction with turbidity and scanning electron microscopy (s.e.m.). Cultures grown at 20, 30 and 40 degrees C (BC20, BC30 and BC40 respectively) were compared in terms of (i) their effective hydrodynamic radius, rH, as determined from q.l.s. and (ii) their gross morphology, as determined from s.e.m. The effects of autoclaving at 121.1 degrees C on both these properties was also examined. We observed (1) that cultures BC20 and BC30 appeared to have similar values for rH, whereas that of BC40 appeared some 50% higher, and (2) BC40 had a correspondingly much lower heat resistance (its structural integrity was lost after about 20 min autoclaving, whereas that of BC20 and BC30 was retained even after 80 min autoclaving). These data were in good agreement with independent measurements of heat-resistance coefficients. Changes in the hydrodynamic radius, polydispersity (both using q.l.s.) and turbidity were monitored with time on addition of the disinfectants sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid; again BC40 appeared to have a lower resistance.     

Dietary zinc deficiency has no effect on auditory brainstem responses in the rat

Zinc has been shown to effect--in vitro--a number of processes associated with neurotransmission. We have tested whether the rate of impulse conduction--in vivo--as measured from the latencies of auditory brainstem responses (ABR), is influenced by dietary zinc deficiency in the rat. Dietary zinc deficiency for up to 26 wk had no effect on the wave I-IV interval compared to zinc-adequate fed animals. The results are discussed in relation to the observed constancy of brain overall and extracellular fluid zinc concentrations under conditions of dietary zinc deficiency.     

Primary photosynthetic processes in Heliobacterium chlorum at 15K

Absorbance changes induced by 25-ps laser flashes were measured in membranes of Heliobacterium chlorum at 15 K. Absorbance difference spectra, measured at various times after the flash showed negative bands in the Q_y region at 812, 793 and 665 nm. The first of these bands was attributed to the formation of excited singlet states of a long-wavelength form of antenna bacteriochlorophyll g (BChl g 808). Absorbance changes of shorter wavelength absorbing antenna BChls g were at least an order of magnitude smaller, indicating rapid excitation energy transfer (i.e. within the time resolution of the apparatus) from these BChls to BChl g 808. Excited BChl g 808 showed a bi-exponential decay with time constants of 50 and 200 ps. The bands at 793 and 665 nm may be attributed to the primary charge separation and reflect the photooxidation of the primary electron donor P-798 and photoreduction of a primary electron acceptor absorbing near 670 nm, presumably a BChl c or Chl a-like pigment. The bleaching of this pigment reversed with a time constant of 300 ps at 15 K and of 800 ps at 300 K. This indicates that electron transfer from the primary to the secondary electron acceptor is approximately 2.5 times faster at 15 K than at room temperature.Abbreviations BChl bacteriochlorophyll - FWHM full width at half maximum - P-798 primary electron donor - Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane     

Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis: high-frequency initiation from light-cultured mature embryos

Somatic embryos and rooted plantlets have been regenerated from light-initiated embryogenic callus derived from mature embryos of Picea abies. Under a 16 h photoperiod, mature zygotic embryos were cultured on a modified half-strength Murashige & Skoog medium without NH₄NO₃ and supplemented with 5 mM glutamine, 4.5 M N6-benzyladenine and 10.7 M naphthaleneacetic acid or 10 M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. White translucent embryogenic callus, proliferating from the callusing hypocotyl region after 3 weeks incubation, was isolated from the green non-embryogenic tissue and subcultured for over 12 months. Upon transfer of the embryogenic callus through a specific sequence of media, somatic embryos proceeded to mature, elongating and forming rings of cotyledonary leaves similar to those of zygotic embryos. Transferred to medium without growth regulators, the somatic embryos germinated and produced plantlets with green cotyledons, elongated hypocotyls and primary roots.     

Plasmid cloning vectors replicating in Escherichia coli,amino acid-producing coryneform bacteria and Methylobacillus sp.

Summary Four hybrid plasmids were constructed from the cryptic plasmid pAM330 (from Brevibacterium lactofermentum; 4.5 kb) and the broadhost-range plasmid pGV1106 (9.0 kb; Km^r Sm^r) isolated from Escherichia coli. All of them were mobilized from E. coli into the Gram-negative methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacillus sp. and two of these constructs (pCEM300 and pCEM400) were transferred by transformation into B. flavum and Corynebacterium glutamicum. Their kanamycin-resistance determinant coming from Gram-negative hosts was expressed in these Gram-positive bacteria. Both pCEM300 and pCEM400 are very stably maintained in B. flavum and represent suitable vectors for gene cloning in coryneform producers of amino acids.     

Regulation of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in Streptomyces fradiae,a producer of tylosin

Synthesis of threonine dehydratase in Streptomyces fradiae was positively influenced by valine and negatively by isoleucine. However, these two amino acids had no effect on the activity of this enzyme. Synthesis of threonine dehydratase in -aminobutyrate resistant mutants of S. fradiae was pronouncedly less sensitive to the positive effect of valine and this change in regulation led to valine overproduction. Synthesis of acetohydroxy acid synthase is regulated in a similar manner to that of threonine dehydratase, however a lower level of expression was detected in -aminobutyrate resistant mutants. And again, no effect of branched-chain amino acids on acetohydroxy acid synthase activity was observed. It follows that in S. fradiae synthesis of threonine dehydratase is the main regulatory mechanism governing production and the mutual ratio of synthesized valine and isoleucine.Abbreviations -AB -aminobutyrate - AHAS acetohydroxy acid synthase - -KB -ketobutyrate - MNNG N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine - TD threonine dehydratase - Trans. B. transaminase of branched-chain amino acids - VDH valine dehydrogenase