海洋生物礁类型、生态功能及其生态修复

海洋生物礁是由具有造礁能力的海洋生物聚集而成的一种三维礁体结构,其形成改变了海底地貌、增加了不同尺度上的地形复杂性,为其他海洋生物提供了栖息地并维持了生物多样性。近年来,由于自然因素和人为因素影响,海洋生物礁受到了严重威胁,已成为海洋生态保护和修复领域的重要研究对象。综述了海洋生物礁的类型、生态功能及其生态修复的研究进展。根据形成海洋生物礁的优势造礁生物种类,将海洋生物礁分为海藻礁、海绵礁、刺胞动物礁、贝类礁和多毛类礁,其优势造礁生物分别是珊瑚藻和仙掌藻、钙质海绵和硅质海绵、造礁珊瑚、牡蛎、龙介虫。目前国内对海洋生物礁的全面了解相对较少,主要集中在珊瑚礁和牡蛎礁。海洋生物礁的生态功能主要有海岸防护、提供栖息地、净化水体、固碳作用和能量耦合等。全球变暖和海洋酸化等全球气候变化以及海洋污染、破坏性渔业捕捞、海岸工程、水产养殖和敌害生物等自然和人为因素对海洋生物礁构成了严重威胁。海洋生物礁的生态修复方法分为两类：在退化生物礁区投放造礁生物逐渐成礁,投放人工礁体补充造礁生物逐渐成礁。针对海洋生物礁保护和修复的需要,提出下一步应加强海洋造礁生物生态特征、海洋造礁生物种群丧失因素和海洋生物礁保护与...     

基于不同网格尺度福州主城区鸟类多样性与景观特征的关系研究

理解城市鸟类多样性与景观特征的关系对城市生物多样性保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。通过爬取中国观鸟记录中心网站2020年福州主城区436份观鸟报告数据计算鸟类丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)和Simpson多样性指数(D);基于谷歌地球引擎和高分辨率Worldview影像量化景观特征因子;在此基础上,采用Mann-Whitney U检验了两个网格尺度(300 m和1000 m)下S、H和D指数的差异性;运用广义线性模型探究了两个尺度下影响鸟类多样性指数的关键景观因子及其重要性。结果表明：(1)2020年研究区内共观测到242种鸟类,隶属19目59科,雀形目鸟类为优势种;数量占比从高到低依次为留鸟、冬候鸟、旅鸟和夏候鸟,分别为63.53%、25.83%、6.71%和3.93%;(2)两个尺度下鸟类多样性指数差异明显,1000 m尺度下S和H指数均显著高于300 m尺度(0.05相似文献   

原人参二醇型皂苷水解酶及制备人参皂苷Compound K的研究进展

人参皂苷Compound K (CK)是一种具有抗癌抗炎等药理活性的化合物。目前在天然人参中暂未鉴定出,工业上主要通过原人参二醇型皂苷的去糖基化进行制备。相对于传统的物理、化学的去糖基化法,利用原人参二醇型皂苷水解酶制备CK具有特异性强、绿色环保和高效稳定的优点。本文根据水解酶作用的糖基连接碳原子的差异将原人参二醇型皂苷水解酶分成了3类,发现大多数能制备CK的水解酶为Ⅲ型原人参二醇型皂苷水解酶。此外,对水解酶在制备CK中的应用进行了总结评估,旨在为人参皂苷CK的大规模制备及其在食品和药品行业中的开发提供参考。     

来源于嗜热氢化杆菌的新型对苯二甲酸双(羟乙)酯水解酶的表达纯化与酶学性质

石化来源的聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(polyethylene terephthalate,PET)被广泛用于矿泉水瓶、食品包装和纺织品等领域,因其在自然界中不易分解,大量使用后的PET废弃物造成了严重的环境污染与资源浪费。使用生物酶法对PET废弃物进行解聚,并对解聚产物进行升级循环利用是进行塑料污染治理的重要方向之一,其中关键的是PET水解酶的解聚效率。对苯二甲酸双(羟乙基)酯(bis(hydroxyethyl)terephthalate,BHET)是PET生物酶解的中间产物,其累积是限制PET水解酶催化效率的一个重要因素,BHET水解酶和PET水解酶的联用能提升PET的整体水解效率。来源于嗜热氢化杆菌(Hydrogenobacter thermophilus)的双烯内酯酶(HtBHETase)对BHET有显著水解效果,将该酶在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中进行重组表达并纯化后,对其酶学性质进行了研究。结果显示,HtBHETase对短碳链的酯类如对硝基苯酚乙酸酯催化活性较高,HtBHETase以BHET为底物时的最适反应pH值和最适反应温度分别为5.0和55℃;该酶有较好的热稳定性,经80℃的条件处理1 h仍能保持80%以上活性,显示出了良好的热稳定性,HtBHETase有在PET塑料生物解聚中使用的潜力,本研究为推动生物酶法降解PET提供了新的参考。     

RagA和Nprl2在果蝇肠道发育中的调节作用关系

动物胃肠道是食物消化和营养吸收器官,对机体健康至关重要。果蝇与哺乳动物的肠道在细胞组成、遗传调控等方面高度相似,是研究肠道发育的良好模型。体外培养细胞中的研究发现,Nprl2通过作用于Rag GTPase,抑制雷帕霉素靶点复合物1(target of rapamycin complex 1,TORC1)的活性,参与细胞代谢的调节。前期报道nprl2突变果蝇具有前胃增大、消化能力降低等肠道衰老相关表型。但对于Nprl2是否通过Rag GTPase调控肠道发育等方面尚不清楚。为了探究Rag GTPase在Nprl2调控果蝇肠道发育中的作用,本研究利用遗传杂交结合免疫荧光等方法对RagA敲减和nprl2突变果蝇的肠道形态、肠道细胞组成等方面进行研究。发现单独敲减RagA可以引起肠变粗、前胃增大等表型,敲减RagA能挽救nprl2突变体中肠道变细、分泌型细胞减少的表型,但并不能挽救nprl2突变体中前胃增大的表型。以上结果表明,RagA在肠道发育中发挥重要作用,Nprl2通过作用于Rag GTPase调节肠道细胞分化和肠道形态,但Nprl2对前胃发育和肠道的消化功能的调节可能通过不依赖于Rag GTPase的机制实现。     

Latent group detection in functional partially linear regression models

In this paper, we propose a functional partially linear regression model with latent group structures to accommodate the heterogeneous relationship between a scalar response and functional covariates. The proposed model is motivated by a salinity tolerance study of barley families, whose main objective is to detect salinity tolerant barley plants. Our model is flexible, allowing for heterogeneous functional coefficients while being efficient by pooling information within a group for estimation. We develop an algorithm in the spirit of the K-means clustering to identify latent groups of the subjects under study. We establish the consistency of the proposed estimator, derive the convergence rate and the asymptotic distribution, and develop inference procedures. We show by simulation studies that the proposed method has higher accuracy for recovering latent groups and for estimating the functional coefficients than existing methods. The analysis of the barley data shows that the proposed method can help identify groups of barley families with different salinity tolerant abilities.     

Elastic priors to dynamically borrow information from historical data in clinical trials

Use of historical data and real-world evidence holds great potential to improve the efficiency of clinical trials. One major challenge is to effectively borrow information from historical data while maintaining a reasonable type I error and minimal bias. We propose the elastic prior approach to address this challenge. Unlike existing approaches, this approach proactively controls the behavior of information borrowing and type I errors by incorporating a well-known concept of clinically significant difference through an elastic function, defined as a monotonic function of a congruence measure between historical data and trial data. The elastic function is constructed to satisfy a set of prespecified criteria such that the resulting prior will strongly borrow information when historical and trial data are congruent, but refrain from information borrowing when historical and trial data are incongruent. The elastic prior approach has a desirable property of being information borrowing consistent, that is, asymptotically controls type I error at the nominal value, no matter that historical data are congruent or not to the trial data. Our simulation study that evaluates the finite sample characteristic confirms that, compared to existing methods, the elastic prior has better type I error control and yields competitive or higher power. The proposed approach is applicable to binary, continuous, and survival endpoints.     

Surface imprinted bio-nanocomposites for affinity separation of a cellular DNA repair protein

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a multifunctional DNA repair protein localized in different subcellular compartments. The mechanisms responsible for the highly regulated subcellular localization and “interactomes” of this protein are not fully understood but have been closely correlated to the posttranslational modifications in different biological context. In this work, we attempted to develop a bio-nanocomposite with antibody-like properties that could capture APE1 from cellular matrices to enable the comprehensive study of this protein. By fixing the template APE1 on the avidin-modified surface of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles, we first added 3-aminophenylboronic acid to react with the glycosyl residues of avidin, followed by addition of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid as the second functional monomer to perform the first step imprinting reaction. To further enhance the affinity and selectivity of the binding sites, we carried out the second step imprinting reaction with dopamine as the functional monomer. After the polymerization, we modified the nonimprinted sites with methoxypoly (ethylene glycol) amine (mPEG-NH₂). The resulting molecularly imprinted polymer-based bio-nanocomposite showed high affinity, specificity, and capacity for template APE1. It allowed for the extraction of APE1 from the cell lysates with high recovery and purity. Moreover, the bound protein could be effectively released from the bio-nanocomposite with high activity. The bio-nanocomposite offers a very useful tool for the separation of APE1 from various complex biological samples.     

Rhizosphere effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron on mycorrhiza-dependent maize assimilation

Rhizosphere effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is crucial but little reported. Maize seeds were dressed with four nZVI concentrations (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2 g kg⁻¹) and inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Funneliformis mosseae). The SEM images illuminated that excessive nZVI particles (2 g kg⁻¹) were agglomerated on the surface of hyphae and spore, causing severe deformation and inactivation of AMF symbionts and thereafter inhibiting water uptake in maize seedlings. This restrained the scavenging effects of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase) and non-enzymatic compounds (proline & malondialdehyde) on ROS, and leaf photoreduction activity and gas exchange ability (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the inoculation with AMF effectively alleviated above negative effects. In contrast, appropriate dose of nZVI, that is, ≤1.5 g kg⁻¹, can be evenly distributed on the hyphae surface and form the ordered symbionts with AMF. This help massively to enhance hyphae growth and water and nutrient uptake. The enhanced mycorrhizal infection turned to promote rhizosphere symbiont activity and leaf Rubisco and Rubisco activase activity. Light compensation point was massively lowered, which increased photosynthetic carbon supply for AMF symbionts. Particularly, such priming effects were evidently enhanced by drought stress. Our findings provided a novel insight into functional role of nZVI in agriculture and AMF-led green production.     

降解嘌呤核苷乳酸菌的筛选及益生特性探索

【背景】高尿酸血症是人体内嘌呤代谢紊乱导致的一种慢性代谢疾病,利用乳酸菌降解嘌呤类物质是辅助治疗高尿酸血症的新方法。【目的】筛选高效降解嘌呤核苷的乳酸菌并对其益生特性进行研究。【方法】利用HPLC法评价乳酸菌对肌苷、鸟苷的降解效果。通过药敏性试验、体外耐受性试验及细胞黏附试验研究目标菌株的益生特性。【结果】筛选出一株发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum) SR2-6,对肌苷和鸟苷的降解率分别为99.26%和98.85%。该菌株对青霉素、氯霉素等5种常见抗生素不具备耐药性,在pH 2.0环境下处理4 h后菌株的存活率为76.51%,在饱腹状态下的人工肠液模拟消化4 h后活菌数仍能达到6.85 lg (CFU/mL),对Caco-2细胞的黏附数为(52.29±15.14) CFU/cell。【结论】发酵乳杆菌SR2-6能够高效降解肌苷和鸟苷且具有优良的益生特性,是预防和治疗高尿酸血症的潜在优势菌株,可作为优势菌种资源应用于相关功能产品的开发。