全文获取类型
收费全文 | 903篇 |
免费 | 41篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 5篇 |
2021年 | 20篇 |
2020年 | 12篇 |
2019年 | 16篇 |
2018年 | 21篇 |
2017年 | 12篇 |
2016年 | 17篇 |
2015年 | 47篇 |
2014年 | 46篇 |
2013年 | 58篇 |
2012年 | 73篇 |
2011年 | 65篇 |
2010年 | 39篇 |
2009年 | 39篇 |
2008年 | 60篇 |
2007年 | 55篇 |
2006年 | 46篇 |
2005年 | 48篇 |
2004年 | 47篇 |
2003年 | 29篇 |
2002年 | 37篇 |
2001年 | 13篇 |
2000年 | 3篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 9篇 |
1997年 | 11篇 |
1996年 | 9篇 |
1995年 | 3篇 |
1994年 | 6篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 8篇 |
1991年 | 4篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 3篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 6篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1973年 | 2篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1964年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有944条查询结果,搜索用时 375 毫秒
851.
Daniel Terao Kátia de Lima Nechet Rosa Toyoko Shiraishi Frighetto Valéria Delgado de Almeida Anjos Eliane Aparecida Benato Bernardo de Almeida Halfeld‐Vieira 《Journal of Phytopathology》2018,166(7-8):581-589
Botryosphaeria dothidea is the major pathogen of mango in Brazil, causing stem‐end rot, which causes significant losses during transportation and storage. The current strategy to control this particular disease using synthetic fungicides has been ineffective, leaving residues in the fruit. The objective of the research was to study the effect of physical treatments, with hot water rinse brushing (HWRB) and ultraviolet C irradiation (UV‐C), individually and in combination, to control stem‐end rot of mango. Physicochemical parameters, respiration and resistance induction of the fruit were also analysed. The in vitro trials demonstrated that B. dothidea is a thermoresistant fungus. The individual treatments with HWRB at 65°C for 15 s and 2.5 kJ/m2 of UV‐C presented the best results, showing less symptoms of the disease during 18 days of storage. The combination of HWRB with UV‐C did not improve the control of the disease when compared to the treatments applied individually. The physicochemical parameters and the consumer acceptance evaluation showed that both physical treatments preserved the appearance of the fruit and delayed the ripening–senescence process. The induction of defence‐related enzymes revealed that induced resistance was an important mechanism involved in the control of stem‐end rot of mango. 相似文献
852.
Integrating transport pressure data and species distribution models to estimate invasion risk for alien stowaways 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
Reid Tingley Pablo García‐Díaz Carla Rani Rocha Arantes Phillip Cassey 《Ecography》2018,41(4):635-646
The number of alien species transported as stowaways is steadily increasing and new approaches are urgently needed to tackle this emerging invasion pathway. We introduce a general framework for identifying high‐risk transport pathways and receiving sites for alien species that are unintentionally transported via goods and services. This approach combines the probability of species arrival at transport hubs with the likelihood that the environment in the new region can sustain populations of that species. We illustrate our approach using a case study of the Asian black‐spined toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus in Australia, a species that is of significant biosecurity concern in Australasia, Indonesia, and Madagascar. A correlative model fitted to occurrence data from the native geographic range of D. melanostictus predicted high environmental suitability at locations where the species has established alien populations globally. Applying the model to Australia revealed that transport hubs with the highest numbers of border interceptions and on‐shore detections of D. melanostictus were environmentally similar to locations within the species’ native range. Numbers of D. melanostictus interceptions and detections in Australia increased over time, but were unrelated to indices of air and maritime trade volume. Instead, numbers of interceptions and detections were determined by the country of origin of airplanes (Thailand) and ships (Indonesia). Thus, the common assumption that transport pressure is correlated with invasion risk does not hold in all cases. Our work builds on previous efforts to integrate transport pressure data and species distribution models, by jointly modelling the number of intercepted and detected stowaways, while incorporating imperfect detection and the environmental suitability of receiving hubs. The approach presented here can be applied to any system for which historical biosecurity data are available, and provides an efficient means to allocate quarantine and surveillance efforts to reduce the probability of alien species establishment. 相似文献
853.
Iryna Kozmikova Simona Candiani Peter Fabian Daniela Gurska Zbynek Kozmik 《Developmental biology》2013
In chordates, early separation of cell fate domains occurs prior to the final specification of ectoderm to neural and non-neural as well as mesoderm to dorsal and ventral during development. Maintaining such division with the establishment of an exact border between the domains is required for the formation of highly differentiated structures such as neural tube and notochord. We hypothesized that the key condition for efficient cell fate separation in a chordate embryo is the presence of a positive feedback loop for Bmp signaling within the gene regulatory network (GRN), underlying early axial patterning. Here, we therefore investigated the role of Bmp signaling in axial cell fate determination in amphioxus, the basal chordate possessing a centralized nervous system. Pharmacological inhibition of Bmp signaling induces dorsalization of amphioxus embryos and expansion of neural plate markers, which is consistent with an ancestral role of Bmp signaling in chordate axial patterning and neural plate formation. Furthermore, we provided evidence for the presence of the positive feedback loop within the Bmp signaling network of amphioxus. Using mRNA microinjections we found that, in contrast to vertebrate Vent genes, which promote the expression of Bmp4, amphioxus Vent1 is likely not responsible for activation of cephalochordate ortholog Bmp2/4. Cis-regulatory analysis of amphioxus Bmp2/4, Admp and Chordin promoters in medaka embryos revealed remarkable conservation of the gene regulatory information between vertebrates and basal chordates. Our data suggest that emergence of a positive feedback loop within the Bmp signaling network may represent a key molecular event in the evolutionary history of the chordate cell fate determination. 相似文献
854.
Nynke A. Hosper Paul P. van den Berg Saskia de Rond Eliane R. Popa Martijn J. Wilmer Rosalinde Masereeuw Ruud A. Bank 《Experimental cell research》2013
The hallmark of fibrosis is an accumulation of fibrillar collagens, especially of collagen type I. There is considerable debate whether in vivo type II epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in organ fibrosis. Lineage tracing experiments by various groups show opposing data concerning the relative contribution of epithelial cells to the pool of myofibroblasts. We hypothesized that EMT-derived cells might directly contribute to collagen deposition. To study this, EMT was induced in human epithelial lung and renal cell lines in vitro by means of TGF-β1 stimulation, and we compared the collagen type I (COL1A1) expression levels of transdifferentiated cells with that of myofibroblasts obtained by TGF-β1 stimulation of human dermal and lung fibroblasts. COL1A1 expression levels of transdifferentiated epithelial cells appeared to be at least one to two orders of magnitude lower than that of myofibroblasts. This was confirmed at immunohistochemical level: in contrast to myofibroblasts, collagen type I deposition by EMT-derived cells was not or hardly detectable. We postulate that, even when type II EMT occurs in vivo, the direct contribution of EMT-derived cells to collagen accumulation is rather limited. 相似文献
855.
856.
Luan Tales Costa de Paiva Vasconcelos Marcos Antônio Oliveira Filho Vitor Troccoli Ribeiro Jaciara Silva de Araújo Francisco Canindé de Sousa Junior Daniella Regina Arantes Martins 《Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology》2013,43(10):968-976
AbstractLeishmaniosis is a complex of diseases that can be fatal, if not given proper attention. Despite its relevance in the public health system, there is no vaccine capable of preventing the disease in humans so far and its treatment is expensive and aggressive to human health. The present study aims to optimize the induction parameters of the 503 Leishmania i. chagasi antigen expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli M15. The induction at different cell densities was evaluated in order to analyze the influence of the induction time on the yield of the protein of interest. In this segment, lactose and isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) were used as inducer molecules, using various concentrations: 0.1?g/L, 1.0?g/L, and 10?g/L for lactose and 20?μM, 100?μM, 500?μM, and 1000?μM for IPTG. The results presented that the concentration of IPTG that obtained the higher antigen levels was that of 100?μM (0.087?g/L), a 10-fold lower concentration than was being previously used in this type of system and for lactose, it was 1?g/L (0.016?g/L). Thus, the induction with 100?μM allowed obtaining the antigen with a concentration 5.6 times higher than the lactose induction maximum concentration. 相似文献
857.
Eliane de Oliveira Silva Niege Araçari Jacometti Cardoso Furtado Josefina Aleu Isidro González Collado 《Phytochemistry Reviews》2013,12(4):857-876
Terpenoids are natural products of great interest due to their widespread use in agrochemicals, drugs, fragrances, flavouring and pigments. Biocatalysts are increasingly being used in the search for new derivatives with improved properties especially to obtain structurally novel leads for new drugs which are difficult to obtain using conventional organic chemical methods. This review, covering up to the end of 2012, reports on the application of Mucor species as catalysts in terpenoid biotransformation to obtain new drug targets, enhance pharmacological activity or decrease the unwanted effects of starting material. 相似文献
858.
Jean-A. Taboury Eliane Taillandier Pascal Lumbroso Jean-Michel Neumann Son Tran-Dinh Béatrice Langlois d'Estaintot 《Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics》2013,31(6):1185-1203
Abstract The conformation of díC-Bi8G-C-G-C-Br8G) in aqueous solution was studied by CD and 1H-NMR spectroscopy and in condensed phase by IR spectroscopy. Whether in 0.1 M or 3 M NaCl solution or in film the only double helical structure adopted by brominated d(C-G)3 oligomer is the Z form. The IR spectrum of the film presents all the characteristic absorptions of the Z conformation and in particular is indicative of a syn conformation for the central guanosine as well as for the brominated one. Imino proton resonances of diC-Bi8G-C- G-C-Br8G) demonstrating the duplex formation were observed up to 60°C. It is interesting to note that the significant highfield shifts of the dC H5″ exocyclic sugar protons characteristic of the non exchangeable proton spectra of d(C-G)3 containing 5-methyl dC residues in the Z form were also detected in the proton spectrum of brominated oligomer. Whereas formation of the Z helix of methylated d(C-G)3 oligomers dependent on the salt concentration was found to occur via the preliminary formation of a B helix even in 4 M NaCl solution, the Z helix of d(C-Br8G-C-G-C-Br8G) is obtained directly from the coil form. However, IR data suggest that in the Z form of dlC-Bi8G-C-G-C-Bi8G), the overlapping of the base planes should be slightly different in comparison with the stacking observed in d(C-G)3 crystals. The kinetic data (activation energy and lifetime) of the Z helix-coil transition of brominated d(C-G)3 are compared to those of the B helix-coil transition observed for methylated d(C-G)3 in 0.1 M NaCl solution while the thermodynamic data of these two reactions (enthalpy and midpoint temperature) are slightly different. 相似文献
859.
Pablo Ricardo Arantes Horacio Pérez-Sánchez 《Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics》2013,31(15):4045-4056
Antithrombin (AT) is a serpin that inhibits mainly thrombin and fXa after being activated by binding to glycosaminoglycans as heparin and heparan sulfate. Upon binding, the native AT conformation, relatively inactive as a protease inhibitor, is converted to an activated form. Recently, a new compound, named TMI, was discovered in our group with nanomolar affinity to antithrombin, and shown to be able to induce a partial activation of antithrombin. As TMI represents an original scaffold for structural optimizations aiming the development of new antithrombotic drugs, the present work demonstrated, through a series of molecular dynamics simulations, that TMI is able to modulate AT reactive center loop flexibility similarly to what is observed to heparin, as well as exposing AT P1 residue, Arg393. These results represent the first atomic level indication of AT conformational activation by TMI, and may offer a predictive basis for future studies aiming TMI structural optimization. 相似文献
860.
Renato Barboza Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara Eliane Gomes Anderson Sá-Nunes Esther Florsheim Luciana Mirotti Alexis Labrada Neuza Maria Alcantara-Neves Momtchilo Russo 《PloS one》2013,8(6)
Experimental evidence and epidemiological studies indicate that exposure to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (eLPS) or other TLR agonists prevent asthma. We have previously shown in the OVA-model of asthma that eLPS administration during alum-based allergen sensitization blocked the development of lung TH2 immune responses via MyD88 pathway and IL-12/IFN-γ axis. In the present work we determined the effect of eLPS exposure during sensitization to a natural airborne allergen extract derived from the house dust mite Blomia tropicalis (Bt). Mice were subcutaneously sensitized with Bt allergens co-adsorbed onto alum with or without eLPS and challenged twice intranasally with Bt. Cellular and molecular parameters of allergic lung inflammation were evaluated 24 h after the last Bt challenge. Exposure to eLPS but not to ultrapure LPS (upLPS) preparation during sensitization to Bt allergens decreased the influx of eosinophils and increased the influx of neutrophils to the airways. Inhibition of airway eosinophilia was not observed in IFN-γdeficient mice while airway neutrophilia was not observed in IL-17RA-deficient mice as well in mice lacking MyD88, CD14, TLR4 and, surprisingly, TLR2 molecules. Notably, exposure to a synthetic TLR2 agonist (PamCSK4) also induced airway neutrophilia that was dependent on TLR2 and TLR4 molecules. In the OVA model, exposure to eLPS or PamCSK4 suppressed OVA-induced airway inflammation. Our results suggest that B. tropicalis allergens engage TLR4 that potentiates TLR2 signaling. This dual TLR activation during sensitization results in airway neutrophilic inflammation associated with increased frequency of lung TH17 cells. Our work highlight the complex interplay between bacterial products, house dust mite allergens and TLR signaling in the induction of different phenotypes of airway inflammation. 相似文献