恒河猴、懒猴和树鼩的短时空间记忆功能与前额叶背侧部进化水平的相关性(英文)

本文研究探讨了进化地位不同的三种动物的短时空间记忆功能及其与前额叶背侧部进化水平的相关性。结果表明,在延缓反应作业中,经1000次训练后,7只恒河猴对空间位置的记忆时间平均为7.7±3.2min,懒猴为3.8±0.44min,而树鼩即使在延缓时间几乎为零秒的延缓反应中,其正确反应率也未达到90％标准。一种延缓时间仅测试一个单元,即不经训练的实验表明,恒河猴在延缓期为“0”—5min的各测试单元中,正确反应率稳定在80％以上;懒猴在延缓时间为“0”—4min的各测试单元中,平均正确反应率与恒河猴无明显差异,而当延缓时间增加到5min时,在延缓反应作业中取得的成绩显著下降;树鼩在延缓时间为1—5min的作业中取得的正确反应率在70％以下。3种动物在视觉辨别学习作业中却无明显差异。形态学研究表明,灵长类大脑前额叶的面积和结构的复杂性在进化过程中逐渐增大,如恒河猴大脑前额叶的表面积占大脑半球表面积的11.5％(Brodmann,1929),其内颗粒层发达,背侧部明显凸起,主沟区发达;懒猴的前额叶表面积占其大脑半球表面积的8.3％,背侧部凸起不显著,主沟未形成,额极内颗粒层分化明显,背侧部的内颗粒层较内侧部的发达程度差(Sanides,1967);树鼩的前额叶表面积占7.5％,额极的内颗粒层分化不明显,为非颗粒化区,此区之后为颗粒区     

鱼类远缘杂交正反交杂种胚胎发育差异的细胞遗传学分析

本文报道了鲤(Cyprinus carpio)×鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鲫(Carassiusauratus)×鲢、白鲫(Carassius auratus cuvieri)×鲢和鲢×鲤、鲢×鲫、鲢×白鲫的正反交试验。在鲤×鲢、鲫×鲢和白鲫×鲢3个正交组中,胚胎发育基本正常,尽管孵出的鱼苗绝大多数生命力弱,但孵化率都在50％左右;而在鲢×鲤、鲢×鲫和鲢×白鲫3个反交组中,胚胎发育均为畸形,不能孵化出苗。 胚胎发育细胞遗传学分析表明,鲤×鲢、鲫×鲢和白鲫×鲢的杂种胚胎几乎都是整倍体,而鲢×鲤、鲢×鲫×鲢×白鲫的杂种胚胎基本上是非整倍体,染色体数变化较大。这些正反交杂种胚胎发育的显著差异可能与其亲本物种间的基因组大小有关。文中还分析讨论了这些正反交差异与天然多倍体物种以及胚胎发育速度的相关性,认为天然多倍体物种可能具有一些不同于普通二倍体物种协调外源基因组的能力。     

Hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine couples Ras to activation of Raf protein kinase during mitogenic signal transduction.

We have investigated the relationship between hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and activation of the Raf-1 protein kinase in Ras-mediated transduction of mitogenic signals. As previously reported, cotransfection of a PC-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC) expression plasmid bypassed the block to cell proliferation resulting from expression of the dominant inhibitory mutant Ras N-17. In contrast, PC-PLC failed to bypass the inhibitory effect of dominant negative Raf mutants, suggesting that PC-PLC functions downstream of Ras but upstream of Raf. Consistent with this hypothesis, treatment of quiescent cells with exogenous PC-PLC induced Raf activation, even when normal Ras function was blocked by Ras N-17 expression. Further, activation of Raf in response to mitogenic growth factors was blocked by inhibition of endogenous PC-PLC. Taken together, these results indicate that hydrolysis of PC mediates Raf activation in response to mitogenic growth factors.     

真空负压和常规ABC法显示HPV—1抗原的应用比较

应用真空负压 ABC 法显示 HPV-1抗原比常规 ABC 法效果好,敏感性高,时间短,整个过程只需一个多小时,阳性物明显突出,颗粒均匀,色泽鲜艳,呈黄棕色,背景清晰等优点。还可提高抗体的稀释度,降低成本。与微波技术相比,具有设备简单,易于操作,安全可靠,不受条件限制,经对26例尖锐湿疣的病例进行多层次稀释度的研究,取得了满意的结果,认为该法值得推广应用。     

桑白蚧的重要寄生蜂——桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂的鉴别与利用

桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂Encarsia(=Prospaltella)berlesel(Howard)是寄生桑白蚧Pseudaulacaspls pentagona(Targioni-Tozzctti)的重要寄生蜂,许多国家进行了引进移植,对控制桑白蚧的为害取得明显的成效．本记述了桑白蚧恩蚜小蜂形态特征的鉴别。以及各国引进利用的概况．并讨论了利用寄生蜂防治桑白蚧的重要性．     

Three research priorities for just and sustainable urban systems: Now is the time to refocus

Now is the time to refocus efforts in urban research and design. A changing climate and extreme weather events are presenting unique challenges to urban systems around the world. These challenges illuminate the social barriers that accompany disruptive events such as resource inequities and injustices. In this perspective, we provide three research priorities for just and sustainable urban systems that help to address these matters. The three research priorities are: (1) social equity and justice, (2) circularity, and (3) digital twins. Conceptual context and future research directions are provided for each. For social equity and justice, the future directions are mandatory equity analysis and inclusionary practices, understanding and reconciling historical injustices, and intentional integration with diverse community stakeholders. For circularity applications, they are better metrics for integration, more robust evaluation frameworks, and dynamic modeling at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Future directions for digital twins include developing principles to reduce complexity, integrating model and system components, and reducing barriers to data access. These research priorities are core to meeting several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (i.e., 1—No Poverty, 8—Decent Work and Economic Growth, 10—Reduced Inequalities, and 11—Sustainable Cities and Communities). Useful social and technical matters are discussed throughout, where we highlight the importance of prioritizing localized research efforts, provide guidance for community-engaged research and co-development practices, and explain how these priorities interact to align with the evolving field of industrial ecology.     

小RNA病毒和小DNA病毒的三维结构模型

本文综述了小RNA病毒和小DNA病毒的主要结构特征,绘制出了它们的三维结构模型,从中找出了两者间的共同点和差异,为进一步研究两种病毒提供了依据。     

棒状腐败乳杆菌Lc7的生物学特性及益生作用

【目的】对分离自健康成人粪便样本的棒状腐败乳杆菌(Loigolactobacillus coryniformis)Lc7进行分类学鉴定和益生潜力评估。【方法】基于16SrRNA基因和基因组核心基因构建系统发育树,对Lc7进行分类学鉴定;通过耐酸和胆汁酸盐、粘附、抗氧化和抑菌实验,以及溶血、明胶酶活性和抗菌药物敏感性实验,评估Lc7的益生特性。同时,构建小鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,评估Lc7的体内抗炎潜力。【结果】Lc7鉴定为L. coryniformis,在酸和胆汁酸盐的连续作用下,Lc7的存活率为70.17%。Lc7对HT-29细胞的粘附指数为56.33 CFU/cell,其自聚集和疏水性分别为80%和40%;Lc7对福氏志贺菌和鼠伤寒沙门菌等7个常见致病菌均有较强的抑制能力;对1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl,DPPH)和羟自由基(hydroxyl radicals,·OH)的清除率分别为91.70%和48.53%;Lc7无溶血现象和明胶酶活性,对选取的大多数抗生素均敏感。在小鼠结肠炎实验中,Lc7干预组小鼠结肠长度明显长于模型组(...     

牛皮菜叶中三种不同光化学活性的PS Ⅱ反应中心复合物的纯化和特性

悬浮于3种不同缓冲介质中的牛皮菜(莙荙菜)PSⅡ颗粒经不同浓度的 Triton X—100处理后,用 DEAE—Toyopearl 650S离子交换柱层析分离.可分别得到3种具有不同光化学活性的PSⅡ反应中心复合物:即放氧的PSⅡ反应中心复合物(Ⅰ)、具DCIP光还原活性的PSⅡ反应中心复合物(Ⅱ)和仅发生Pheo~-光累积的 PSⅡ反应中心复合物(Ⅲ)。(Ⅰ)的多肽组分为 47、43、33、32、30、9 kD和4kD;(Ⅱ)的多肽组分为 47、32、30、9 kD和 4kD;(Ⅲ)的多肽组分为 32、30、9 kD和 4 kD。这3种PSⅡ反应中心复合物的吸收光谱和荧光光谱特性;及其主要化学成分的相对含量,与从菠菜等制备出来的相应3种PSⅡ反应中心复合物基本相同。