短葶飞蓬云南三个种群的核型与等位酶分析

通过核型和等位酶分析,对短葶飞蓬（Erigeron breviscapus)种群遗传结构进行了较全面的研究。研究材料来自丽江,昆明,邱北,核型分析表明,这3个种群都为二倍体种群（2n=2x=18),以丽江种群为例,短葶飞蓬核型为2n=2x=18=6m 10sm(2SAT) 2st,10种酶的等位酶分析表明,短葶飞蓬的遗传变异存在于种群内,种群间遗传一致度高（I=0.9172),遗传距离小（D=0.0876),遗传距离与空间距离大致成正相关。     

三峡库区支流生境因子对库区蓄水的响应

三峡水库的运行调度,使库区支流形成了截然不同的3种河段类型:完全受水库蓄水影响的145m回水段(完全河段),既受蓄水影响又受自然洪汛影响的145—175m回水段(双重河段)以及不受蓄水影响的大于175m的自然河流段(自然河段)。为明确库区蓄水对河流不同河段生境因子的影响程度及差异,对三峡库区36条重要支流的254个河段进行河流生境调查,进行不同河段下生境指标的因子分析,并进一步分析水文情势自然性与不同河段各生境因子的相关关系。结果表明,植被状况对3种不同河段来说均为重要生境因子,但受三峡水库蓄水影响,完全河段植被结构不完整;受库区蓄水影响,完全河段与双重河段及自然河段相比,流速流态状况、表层覆盖物状况、河岸带宽度、湿润率等生境因子有明显改变;水文情势自然性对不同河段生境因子的影响不同。     

Heat shock‐induced metabolic conversion of membrane lipids,fatty acids and volatile organic compounds of Pyropia haitanensis under different heat shock time

Lipid metabolites play an important role in understanding the stress physiology of Pyropia haitanensis, and can be used to facilitate development of stress‐resistant Pyropia cultivars. Therefore, in this study ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) based metabolomics approaches were developed to screen the responses of lipid metabolites such as phospholipids, glycolipids, fatty acids and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to different heat shock times. A total of 26 potential lipid biomarkers including Lyso‐monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (Lyso‐MGDG), Lyso‐digalactosyldiacylglycerol (Lyso‐DGDG), sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerols (SQMG), sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), diacylglyceryltrimethylhomoserine (DGTS), triacylglycerol (TAG), Lyso‐phosphatidicacid (Lyso‐PA), Lyso‐phosphatidylcholine (Lyso‐PC), Lyso‐phosphatidylethanolamine (Lyso‐PE), Lyso‐phosphatidylglycerol (Lyso‐PG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) were identified, most of which responded to high temperature by reducing or increasing levels after stimulation for 1 h or 6 h. After times longer than 6 h, the levels of most lipids gradually recovered to the control group levels. Moreover, the balance of lipids and fatty acids transformation was disrupted. Overall, 11 total fatty acids (TFAs), 13 free fatty acids (FFAs) and 29 VOCs were identified during 0–72 h of high temperature stress. The FFAs, especially polyunsaturated C 20 fatty acids and VOCs, showed opposing change trends, indicating the transformation between C 20 fatty acids and VOCs. Overall, this study provides important insights into the metabolic variations of P. haitanensis under different heat shock time and the relationship between the conversion of lipids, fatty acids, and VOCs. The information provided herein will facilitate efficient development and improvement of Pyropia quality by producing cultivars resistant to high temperature.     

Subchronic Arsenism Disorders mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Immunoglobulins in the Intestinal Tract of the Cock

Provision of feed containing arsenic may cause intestinal flora imbalance and consequently, the dysfunction of immunological protection of the cock. To understand the intricate tuning of immune responses in the intestinal tract elicited by subchronic arsenism, a cock model (1-day-old Hy-line cocks) was established by subjecting cocks to different environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic in the diet for 90 days. Intestinal cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were determined using real-time PCR on days 30, 60, and 90. Results showed that, compared to those of the control groups, the mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ displayed increases on day 30 then decreases on days 60 and 90 dose-dependently in every tissue. Except for the decrease in the jejunum, the mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were increased in the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and rectum. However, the mRNA levels of IL-12β decreased in every tissue and every time point compared to those of the control groups. In contrast, chicks showed considerably higher expression levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG after exposure to arsenic. These results demonstrated that immune strategies of cocks were disturbed when suffered from subchronic arsenism, at least on the intestinal level.     

华北平原玉米叶片光合及呼吸过程对实验增温的适应性

利用典型农田生态系统的原位实验增温平台,探讨我国华北平原重要农作物玉米叶片光合及呼吸过程对实验增温的适应性,并深入分析其产生适应性的原因和机理。研究结果显示,实验增温使玉米叶片净光合速率(A_n)显著升高(P0.001),同时增温也导致A_n的最适温度(T_(opt))升高1.56℃;相似地,实验增温也同样导致了光合作用过程中最大电子传递速率(J_(max))显著增加(P0.001),并且其最适温度(T_(opt))升高了1.45℃,但并没有对最大羧化反应速率(V_(cmax))及其温度敏感性(Q_(10))产生显著的影响(P0.05)。然而,实验增温却显著降低了玉米叶片的暗呼吸速率(R_d)及其Q_(10)值(P0.05)。另外,研究结果还显示实验增温没有对R_d/A_g和J_(max)/V_(cmax)产生显著的影响(P0.05)。此外,尽管实验增温显著提高了玉米叶片的蒸腾速率(T_r),但却并没有显著改变叶片的气孔导度(G_s)及水分利用效率(WUE)。研究结果表明,玉米可以通过调控叶片光合及呼吸等关键生理过程的最适温度对增温产生一定的适应性。然而,尽管玉米能够在叶片尺度上做出调整来适应增温环境,但这种适应能力却十分有限,以至于未来气候变暖仍可能会对华北平原玉米的生长发育过程和粮食产量造成一定的影响。     

植被恢复对黄土区煤矿排土场土壤团聚体特征的影响

目前关于植被恢复对排土场土壤团聚性的影响还不清楚,以植被恢复下黄土区露天煤矿排土场为研究对象,采用湿筛法测定了排土场土壤水稳性团聚体组成,研究了植被恢复类型(草地、灌木)和排土场地形(平台、边坡)对土壤团聚体特征的影响。结果表明:植被恢复促进了排土场水稳性团聚体的形成,平台0—20 cm土层水稳性大团聚体数量(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)分别达到31.1%,0.70 mm和0.26 mm,边坡分别达到13.3%,0.37 mm和0.17 mm,均显著高于裸地,分形维数(D)在平台和边坡分别为2.91和2.96,均显著低于裸地;平台土壤团聚性要好于边坡,草地对于平台土壤团聚结构改良效果较好,而灌木对于边坡改良效果较好;排土场土壤有机碳和粘粒含量均与土壤团聚体指标有显著相关性。植被恢复提高了排土场土壤团聚性,植被恢复类型和地形对排土场土壤团聚体特征有显著影响。     

休闲期深翻时间对旱地麦田土壤水分特性和小麦产量的影响

通过3个年度田间试验,研究了休闲期深翻时间对小麦播前0～200 cm土壤蓄水、生育期耗水及生长发育的影响.结果表明: 休闲期蓄水量受深翻时间、休闲期降雨量和降雨分布的影响.随休闲期深翻时间的推迟,0～200 cm土壤蓄水量先升高后降低,8月上中旬深翻蓄水效果好,较7月中旬深翻多蓄水23.9～45.8 mm;休闲期降雨多或集中在8—9月有利于增加土壤蓄水.休闲期适时深翻可增加土壤蓄水量,促进小麦对氮、磷的吸收,增加冬前茎数和成穗数,8月中上旬深翻较7月中旬深翻增产3.7%～18.2%.产量与休闲期0～200 cm土壤蓄水量、生育期各层土壤耗水量呈正相关,且受春季小麦生育关键期降雨影响较大,降雨多时相关性低,否则相关性高.深翻时间对生育期60～140 cm土层耗水量影响较大.当前耕作条件下,山西南部丘陵旱地在立秋(8月6日)前发挥留高茬和麦秸覆盖的保墒作用,立秋后至处暑(8月21日)期间深翻可提高土壤渗水特性,纳秋雨多蓄水,增加小麦冬前茎数和成穗数,使产量增加.     

The first identified cathelicidin from tree frogs possesses anti-inflammatory and partial LPS neutralization activities

As of February 2017, approximately 7639 amphibian species have been described in the AmphibiaWeb database. However, only 20 cathelicidin-like antimicrobial peptides have been identified to date from 10 amphibian species. Half of these peptides were identified from genome sequences and have not yet been functionally characterized. In this study, a novel cathelicidin-like peptide designated cathelicidin-PP was purified from the skin of tree frog Polypedates puerensis. Cathelicidin-PP is a 32 residue peptide of sequence ASENGKCNLLCLVKKKLRAVGNVIKTVVGKIA. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated that cathelicidin-PP mainly adopts a β-sheet structure in membrane-mimetic solutions. Cathelicidin-PP exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi, especially Gram-negative bacteria. Meanwhile, it shows low cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that cathelicidin-PP kills bacteria through the disruption of the bacterial cell membrane integrity. Furthermore, cathelicidin-PP exerts significant anti-inflammatory functions by inhibiting the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated generation of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6. The MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38) and NF-κB signaling pathways are involved in the anti-inflammatory effect. Cathelicidin-PP caused partial neutralization of LPS in a dose-dependent manner. Quantitative PCR indicated that infection of tree frogs with bacteria causes increased expression of cathelicidin-PP in immune-related tissues. Taken together, cathelicidin-PP is the first identified cathelicidin-like peptide from tree frogs. Our findings demonstrate that in addition to direct bactericidal capacity, cathelicidin-PP also possesses immunomodulatory properties, including partial neutralization of LPS, and inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines.