Continuous spectrophotometric assays for dopamine beta-monooxygenase based on two novel electron donors: N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and 2-aminoascorbic acid.

Based on the novel chromophoric electron donors, N,N-dimethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine (DMPD) and 2-amino-2-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid (2-aminoascorbic acid), two sensitive, convenient, and continuous spectrophotometric assays for dopamine beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.17.1) are described. Both, DMPD and 2-aminoascorbic acid are kinetically and stoichiometrically well-behaved electron donors for dopamine beta-monooxygenase with kinetic parameters comparable to the most efficient physiological electron donor, ascorbic acid. During dopamine beta-monooxygenase turnover, DMPD is converted to its chromophoric cation radical which is stable under the standard assay conditions. The rate of the enzyme-dependent formation of DMPD cation radical under standard assay conditions could easily be followed at 515 nm with high accuracy and reproducibility. Similarly, dopamine beta-monooxygenase-mediated oxidation of 2-aminoascorbic acid results in the formation of the known, stable chromophoric product, 2,2'-nitrilodi-2(2')-deoxy-L-ascorbic acid (red pigment), which has a very strong absorption maximum at 385 nm. Both the above assays are superior to the existing assays in their convenience, reproducibility, and sensitivity for routine kinetic analysis of dopamine beta-monooxygenase and may be adopted as a simple color test for the enzyme. We propose that the above assays could also be adopted to design continuous and sensitive spectrophotometric assays for ascorbate oxidase, peptidyl alpha-amidating monooxygenase, and the chromaffin granule electron transport protein, cytochrome b561, due to their remarkable similarity to dopamine beta-monooxygenase in the chemistry of catalysis with regard to the electron donor.     

A study of sugar beet growers' pest control decisions

The results of a survey of sugar beet growers are reported which provide subjective information on farmer perceptions of the hazard from pests and diseases on sugar beet, the control methods available and used, farmers' estimates of the costs and effect of controls, their objectives for pest control, and their attitudes to advice. In addition, objective information from research and field observations on losses and control methods is provided. The basis of pest control decisions and implications from comparisons of subjective and objective perceptions of the various problems and solutions are discussed.     

Enzyme distributions in subcellular fractions of BHK cells infected with Semliki forest virus: evidence for a major fraction of sphingomyelin synthase in the trans-golgi network.

BHK cells either untreated or infected with Semliki Forest virus have been fractionated on sucrose density gradients. Virus infection caused an increase in density of a membrane fraction enriched in sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol, SM synthase and sialyltransferase activity. This increase in density was related to incorporation of viral proteins into this fraction, which is likely to contain trans-Golgi network (TGN) membranes. In contrast, glucosylceramide synthase and galactosyltransferase activities (markers for cis/medial and trans-Golgi respectively) underwent no density shift and alkaline phosphodiesterase, a plasma membrane marker, was only slightly density-shifted in infected cells. When cells were incubated with NBD-ceramide to enable them to synthesise NBD-SM and then washed with albumin to remove surface label, fluorescence in untreated cells was concentrated in a single juxtanuclear spot but in infected cells this region of bright fluorescence was larger and extended around the nucleus. After fractionation of these cells, NBD-SM (but only a small proportion of the NBD-ceramide) was found to be shifted into the higher density fraction in infected cells. This work provides further evidence that SM synthase is not mainly localised in the early Golgi cisternae as previously thought, but is associated more with a cholesterol-rich compartment which could be the TGN.     

Insulin receptor substrate-4 enhances insulin-like growth factor-I-induced cell proliferation.

The insulin receptor substrates (IRSs)-1-4 play important roles in signal transduction emanating from the insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptors. IRS-4 is the most recently characterized member, which has been found primarily in human cells and tissues. It interacts with SH2-containing proteins such as phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K), Grb2, Crk-II, and CrkL. In this study, we transfected IRS-4 in mouse NIH-3T3 cells that overexpress IGF-I receptors. Clones expressing IRS-4 showed enhanced cellular proliferation when cells were cultured in 1% fetal bovine serum without added IGF-I. Addition of IGF-I enhanced cellular proliferation in cells overexpressing the IGF-I receptor alone but had an even greater proliferative effect in cells overexpressing both the IGF-I receptors and IRS-4. When etoposide and methylmethane sulfonate (MMS), both DNA damaging agents, were added to the cells, they uniformly induced cell cycle arrest. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis demonstrated that the arrest of the cell cycle occurred at the G(1) checkpoint, and furthermore no significant degree of apoptosis was demonstrated with the use of either agent. In cells, overexpressing IGF-I receptors alone, IGF-I addition enhanced cellular proliferation, even in the presence of etoposide and MMS. In cells overexpressing IGF-I receptors and IRS-4, the effect of IGF-I in overcoming the cell cycle arrest was even more pronounced. These results suggest that IRS-4 is implicated in the IGF-I receptor mitogenic signaling pathway.     

Automated Food-Procuring Movement-Related Neuronal Activity in the Basolateral Amygdala of the Rat

We studied the impulse activity of neurons of the basal and lateral amygdalar nuclei generated when experimental animals (rats) performed fast stereotyped food-procuring movements by the forelimb. Within the basolateral amygdala, there are neurons whose activity is related to different stages of getting off the food, and according to the characteristics of their spiking these neurons should be divided into a number of subpopulations. Activation forestalling the movement initiation by 0.5-1.0 sec was observed in most neurons of the basolateral amygdala; this is considered a manifestation of excitation related to a motivation component of the food-procuring behavior. Activation of amygdalar neurons following movement initiation can result from generation in this structure of additional excitation necessary for successful performance of a complete food-procuring motor cycle.