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41.
42.
Narayan S Carlson EM Cheng H Condon K Du H Eckley S Hu Y Jiang Y Kumar V Lewis BM Saxton P Schuck E Seletsky BM Tendyke K Zhang H Zheng W Littlefield BA Towle MJ Yu MJ 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2011,21(6):1634-1638
Eribulin mesylate is a newly approved treatment for locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer. We targeted oral bioavailability and efficacy against multidrug resistant (MDR) tumors for further work. The design, synthesis and evaluation of novel amine-containing analogs of eribulin mesylate are described in this part. Attenuation of basicity of the amino group(s) in the C32 side-chain region led to compounds with low susceptibility to PgP-mediated drug efflux. These compounds were active against MDR tumor cell lines in vitro and in xenograft models in vivo, in addition to being orally bioavailable. 相似文献
43.
Jackson RW LaPorte MG Herbertz T Draper TL Gaboury JA Rippin SR Patel R Chunduru SK Benetatos CA Young DC Burns CJ Condon SM 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2011,21(11):3227-3231
We describe the structure-activity relationship of the C7-position of pyrano[3,4-b]indole-based inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Further exploration of the allosteric binding site led to the discovery of the significantly more potent compounds 13 and 14. 相似文献
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45.
Manira Rayamajhi Elizabeth F. Redente Tracy V. Condon Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero David W.H. Riches Laurel L. Lenz 《Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE》2011,(51)
Phagocytic cells such as alveolar macrophages and lung dendritic cells (LDCs) continuously sample antigens from the alveolar spaces in the
lungs. LDCs, in particular, are known to migrate to the lung draining lymph nodes (LDLNs) where they present inhaled antigens to T cells initiating an
appropriate immune response to a variety of immunogens1,2. To model interactions between the lungs and airborne antigens in mice, antigens can be
administered intranasally1,3,4, intratracheally5 or as aerosols6. Delivery by each route involves distinct technical skills and limitations that need to be
considered before designing an experiment. For example, intranasal and aerosolized exposure delivers antigens to both the lungs and the upper respiratory
tract. Hence antigens can access the nasal associated lymphoid tissue (NALT)7, potentially complicating interpretation of the results. In addition, swallowing,
sneezing and the breathing rate of the mouse may also lead to inconsistencies in the doses delivered. Although the involvement of the upper respiratory tract may
be preferred for some studies, it can complicate experiments focusing on events specifically initiated in the lungs. In this setting, the intratracheal (i.t)
route is preferable as it delivers test materials directly into the lungs and bypasses the NALT. Many i.t injection protocols involve either blind intubation of the
trachea through the oral cavity or surgical exposure of the trachea to access the lungs. Herein, we describe a simple, consistent, non-surgical method for i.t
instillation. The opening of the trachea is visualized using a laryngoscope and a bent gavage needle is then inserted directly into the trachea to deliver the
innoculum. We also describe procedures for harvesting and processing of LDLNs and lungs for analysis of antigen trafficking by flow cytometry.Download video file.(48M, mov) 相似文献
46.
Background
The superior colliculus (SC) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) are important subcortical structures for vision. Much of our understanding of vision was obtained using invasive and small field of view (FOV) techniques. In this study, we use non-invasive, large FOV blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI to measure the SC and LGN''s response temporal dynamics following short duration (1 s) visual stimulation.Methodology/Principal Findings
Experiments are performed at 7 tesla on Sprague Dawley rats stimulated in one eye with flashing light. Gradient-echo and spin-echo sequences are used to provide complementary information. An anatomical image is acquired from one rat after injection of monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION), a blood vessel contrast agent. BOLD responses are concentrated in the contralateral SC and LGN. The SC BOLD signal measured with gradient-echo rises to 50% of maximum amplitude (PEAK) 0.2±0.2 s before the LGN signal (p<0.05). The LGN signal returns to 50% of PEAK 1.4±1.2 s before the SC signal (p<0.05). These results indicate the SC signal rises faster than the LGN signal but settles slower. Spin-echo results support these findings. The post-MION image shows the SC and LGN lie beneath large blood vessels. This subcortical vasculature is similar to that in the cortex, which also lies beneath large vessels. The LGN lies closer to the large vessels than much of the SC.Conclusions/Significance
The differences in response timing between SC and LGN are very similar to those between deep and shallow cortical layers following electrical stimulation, which are related to depth-dependent blood vessel dilation rates. This combined with the similarities in vasculature between subcortex and cortex suggest the SC and LGN timing differences are also related to depth-dependent dilation rates. This study shows for the first time that BOLD responses in the rat SC and LGN following short duration visual stimulation are temporally different. 相似文献47.
Deception remains a hotly debated topic in evolutionary and behavioural research. Our understanding of what impedes or facilitates the use and detection of deceptive signals in humans is still largely limited to studies of verbal deception under laboratory conditions. Recent theoretical models of non-human behaviour have suggested that the potential outcome for deceivers and the ability of receivers to discriminate signals can effectively maintain their honesty. In this paper, we empirically test these predictions in a real-world case of human deception, simulation in soccer. In support of theoretical predictions in signalling theory, we show that cost-free deceit by soccer players decreases as the potential outcome for the signaller becomes more costly. We further show that the ability of receivers (referees) to detect deceptive signals may limit the prevalence of deception by soccer players. Our study provides empirical support to recent theoretical models in signalling theory, and identifies conditions that may facilitate human deception and hinder its detection. 相似文献
48.
Type A and B RNase P RNAs are interchangeable in vivo despite substantial biophysical differences 下载免费PDF全文
We show that structural type A and B bacterial ribonuclease P (RNase P) RNAs can fully replace each other in vivo despite the many reported differences in their biogenesis, biochemical/biophysical properties and enzyme function in vitro. Our findings suggest that many of the reported idiosyncrasies of type A and B enzymes either do not reflect the in vivo situation or are not crucial for RNase P function in vivo, at least under standard growth conditions. The discrimination of mature tRNA by RNase P, so far thought to prevent product inhibition of the enzyme in the presence of a large cellular excess of mature tRNA relative to the precursor form, is apparently not crucial for RNase P function in vivo. 相似文献
49.
Schnute ME McReynolds MD Kasten T Yates M Jerome G Rains JW Hall T Chrencik J Kraus M Cronin CN Saabye M Highkin MK Broadus R Ogawa S Cukyne K Zawadzke LE Peterkin V Iyanar K Scholten JA Wendling J Fujiwara H Nemirovskiy O Wittwer AJ Nagiec MM 《The Biochemical journal》2012,444(1):79-88
SphK (sphingosine kinase) is the major source of the bioactive lipid and GPCR (G-protein-coupled receptor) agonist S1P (sphingosine 1-phosphate). S1P promotes cell growth, survival and migration, and is a key regulator of lymphocyte trafficking. Inhibition of S1P signalling has been proposed as a strategy for treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. In the present paper we describe the discovery and characterization of PF-543, a novel cell-permeant inhibitor of SphK1. PF-543 inhibits SphK1 with a K(i) of 3.6 nM, is sphingosine-competitive and is more than 100-fold selective for SphK1 over the SphK2 isoform. In 1483 head and neck carcinoma cells, which are characterized by high levels of SphK1 expression and an unusually high rate of S1P production, PF-543 decreased the level of endogenous S1P 10-fold with a proportional increase in the level of sphingosine. In contrast with past reports that show that the growth of many cancer cell lines is SphK1-dependent, specific inhibition of SphK1 had no effect on the proliferation and survival of 1483 cells, despite a dramatic change in the cellular S1P/sphingosine ratio. PF-543 was effective as a potent inhibitor of S1P formation in whole blood, indicating that the SphK1 isoform of sphingosine kinase is the major source of S1P in human blood. PF-543 is the most potent inhibitor of SphK1 described to date and it will be useful for dissecting specific roles of SphK1-driven S1P signalling. 相似文献
50.
Mario Lebrato Kylie A. Pitt Andrew K. Sweetman Daniel O. B. Jones Joan E. Cartes Andreas Oschlies Robert H. Condon Juan Carlos Molinero Laetitia Adler Christian Gaillard Domingo Lloris David S. M. Billett 《Hydrobiologia》2012,690(1):227-245
The biological pump describes the transport of particulate matter from the sea surface to the ocean’s interior including the seabed. The contribution by gelatinous zooplankton bodies as particulate organic matter (POM) vectors (“jelly-falls”) has been neglected owing to technical and spatiotemporal sampling limitations. Here, we assess the existing evidence on jelly-falls from early ocean observations to present times. The seasonality of jelly-falls indicates that they mostly occur after periods of strong upwelling and/or spring blooms in temperate/subpolar zones and during late spring/early summer. A conceptual model helps to define a jelly-fall based on empirical and field observations of biogeochemical and ecological processes. We then compile and discuss existing strategic and observational oceanographic techniques that could be implemented to further jelly-falls research. Seabed video- and photography-based studies deliver the best results, and the correct use of fishing techniques, such as trawling, could provide comprehensive regional datasets. We conclude by considering the possibility of increased gelatinous biomasses in the future ocean induced by upper ocean processes favouring their populations, thus increasing jelly-POM downward transport. We suggest that this could provide a “natural compensation” for predicted losses in pelagic POM with respect to fuelling benthic ecosystems. 相似文献