非结构蛋白在非洲猪瘟病毒感染中作用

非洲猪瘟(African swine fever,ASF)是由非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)感染引起的一种急性、出血性猪传染病,给疫情发生国家(地区)的养猪业造成重大经济损失.ASFV为双股DNA病毒,基因组含有150～167个开放阅读框(ORFs),可编码150～200种蛋白质,其中非结构蛋白有100余种.ASFV编码的酶、转录因子、调节宿主细胞功能蛋白和病毒免疫逃逸相关蛋白等作为重要的非结构蛋白,在病毒核苷酸代谢、DNA复制、修复、转录、蛋白修饰以及病毒与宿主细胞相互作用等过程中发挥重要作用,但仍有许多非结构蛋白的功能尚不明晰.因此,本文综述了 ASFV非结构蛋白在病毒感染中的作用,以期为ASFV非结构蛋白的进一步研究提供参考.     

基于AFM的活体状态外泌体纳米结构及机械特性研究

外泌体在细胞生理病理活动过程中起着重要的调控作用,研究外泌体的行为特性对于揭示生命活动及疾病发生发展的内在机理具有重要的基础意义.然而由于缺乏合适的观测手段及方法,目前对于活体状态下外泌体结构及特性的认知仍然很不足.原子力显微镜(AFM)的发明为研究溶液环境下天然状态生物样本提供了强大的技术工具,已成为生物学重要研究手段.本文利用AFM对单个活体状态外泌体的纳米结构及机械特性进行了研究.通过多聚赖氨酸静电吸附作用将从淋巴瘤患者骨髓中分离的外泌体吸附至基底,在溶液环境下实现了对单个活体状态外泌体的高质量AFM形貌成像并通过与空气中成像结果进行对比揭示了空气干燥处理对外泌体形貌的影响.在此基础上,分别利用AFM压痕试验和多参数成像技术实现了对单个活体状态外泌体机械特性的定量测量和可视化表征.最后基于所建立的方法技术揭示了化学处理后外泌体结构和机械特性的动态变化.研究结果为研究纳米尺度下活体状态外泌体的结构及特性,以更好理解天然状态外泌体的生理行为提供了新的方法和思路,对于外泌体研究具有潜在积极的意义.     

A Multicenter Study of Viral Aetiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children in Chinese Mainland

Virologica Sinica - Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. In this study, we aimed to describe the aetiology of viral...     

Slc20a1b is essential for hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell expansion in zebrafish

Science China Life Sciences - Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are able to self-renew and can give rise to all blood lineages throughout their lifetime, yet the mechanisms regulating...     

出芽短梗霉膨大细胞分选及产糖分析

本研究运用Percoll密度梯度离心的方法对出芽短梗霉Aureobasidium pullulans的两种细胞形态进行分选,并对两种形态的细胞进行多糖产量的分析。通过对转速、分选时间、Percoll分离液浓度的优化,确定了两种细胞形态分选效果最佳的条件是Percoll分离液浓度为60%、转速为5 000r/min、离心时间为30min。经过光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察发现上层为酵母状细胞（YL）、下层为膨大细胞（SC）,并发现膨大细胞外有明显的薄膜包被,且产大量多糖。也为今后在相应状态下研究出芽短梗霉膨大细胞的其他代谢机理提供了可行的方法,满足后续研究的需要。     

Three‐dimensional reconstruction and comparison of vacuolar membranes in response to viral infection

The vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has not been examined using three‐dimensional (3D) visualization. Here, we performed 3D electron tomography to compare the ultrastructural changes in the vacuole during infection with different viruses. The 3D models revealed that vacuoles are remodeled in cells infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) or tobacco necrosis virus A Chinese isolate (TNV‐A^C), resulting in the formation of spherules at the periphery of the vacuole. These spherules contain neck‐like channels that connect their interior with the cytosol. Confocal microscopy of CMV replication proteins 1a and 2a and TNV‐A^C auxiliary replication protein p23 showed that all of these proteins localize to the tonoplast. Electron microscopy revealed that the expression of these replication proteins alone is sufficient to induce spherule formation on the tonoplast, suggesting that these proteins play prominent roles in inducing vacuolar membrane remodeling. This is the first report of the 3D structures of viral replication factories built on the tonoplasts. These findings contribute to our understanding of vacuole biogenesis under normal conditions and during assembly of plant (+) RNA virus replication complexes.     

不同碳氮源对花脸香蘑胞外酶活性的影响

以花脸香蘑Lepista sordida为材料,研究其分别在9种碳源和11种氮源液体培养条件下不同阶段pH值和葡萄糖浓度的变化,以及不同碳氮源对其所分泌的木质素过氧化物酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶活性的影响。结果表明,pH值在不同碳源培养后期变化显著（P<0.05）,而在不同氮源培养阶段无明显变化（P>0.05）,葡萄糖浓度和菌丝量在不同碳氮源中也无显著差异（P<0.05）。不同碳源和氮源培养基对花脸香蘑木质素过氧化物酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、锰过氧化物酶和漆酶活性均具有影响（P<0.05）。木糖和米糠有利于花脸香蘑分泌羧甲基纤维素酶（P<0.05）,红糖和牛肉浸膏有利于其分泌漆酶（P<0.05）,白砂糖和豆粉有利于其分泌锰过氧化物酶（P<0.05）,木糖和尿素有利于其分泌木质素过氧化物酶（P<0.05）。本研究为选择合适培养基以提高花脸香蘑生物转化效率提供了理论基础。     

自身代谢缓解甲氨蝶呤对小鼠体内成熟卵母细胞副作用的研究

甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate,MTX)作为抗叶酸代谢类药物,在临床上应用广泛。其副作用之一表现为损伤卵母细胞质量。那么,对于有妊娠需求的女性服药者,停药后多久才适合受孕呢?该文结合双光子荧光成像与三维重构技术研究此问题。通过单次腹腔注射生理盐水及5 mg/kg MTX建立了对照组和MTX组小鼠,随后建立了MTX注射后代谢5、10、15、20、25及30天组小鼠。研究发现,小鼠体内成熟卵母细胞的纺锤体正常形态比率与染色体正常空间排布比率,分别于代谢15天和25天后,显著高于MTX组,并恢复至对照组水平。表征卵母细胞功能的体外受精率、二细胞胚胎率及囊胚率,发现分别于代谢15、20、25天后,恢复至对照组水平。该文结果表明,自身代谢可恢复MTX所引起的卵母细胞质量受损及功能下降,所需时间约为小鼠的5个生理周期,即25天。     

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine in comparison with chloroquine in moderate and severe patients with COVID-19

Science China Life Sciences -     

Therapeutic efficacy of novel memantine nitrate MN‐08 in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer''s disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia in elderly individuals and therapeutic options for AD are very limited. Over‐activation of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation, a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF), and downstream pathological events play important roles in the disease progression of AD. In the present study, MN‐08, a novel memantine nitrate, was found to inhibit Aβ accumulation, prevent neuronal and dendritic spine loss, and consequently attenuate cognitive deficits in 2‐month‐old APP/PS1 transgenic mice (for a 6‐month preventative course) and in the 8‐month‐old triple‐transgenic (3×Tg‐AD) mice (for a 4‐month therapeutic course). In vitro, MN‐08 could bind to and antagonize NMDA receptors, inhibit the calcium influx, and reverse the dysregulations of ERK and PI3K/Akt/GSK3β pathway, subsequently preventing glutamate‐induced neuronal loss. In addition, MN‐08 had favorable pharmacokinetics, blood‐brain barrier penetration, and safety profiles in rats and beagle dogs. These findings suggest that the novel memantine nitrate MN‐08 may be a useful therapeutic agent for AD.