Fkbp8: novel isoforms, genomic organization, and characterization of a forebrain promoter in transgenic mice

The immunophilin homolog FKBP8 has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis. Here we show that the 38-kDa form of FKBP8 (FKBP38) derives from a truncated ORF. The extended FKBP8 ORFs are 46 and 44 kDa in mouse and 45 kDa in human. Although the genomic organization of mouse and human FKBP8 is evolutionarily conserved, additional first exons are encoded by the murine locus. A 4.4-kb murine Fkbp8 gene fragment, containing a GC-rich potential promoter, directed expression of a LacZ reporter gene to forebrain neurons in transgenic mice. Expression of the transgene was observed in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus in transgenic mice from three lines. One transgenic founder mouse exhibited widespread forebrain expression of the LacZ transgene that resembles the pattern for the endogenous Fkbp8 gene. Thus promoter/enhancer elements for forebrain expression are located around the first exons of the mouse Fkbp8 gene.     

Detection of intracellular iron by its regulatory effect

Intracellular iron regulates gene expression by inhibiting the interaction of iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) with RNA motifs called iron-responsive elements (IREs). To assay this interaction in living cells we have developed two fluorescent IRE-based reporters that rapidly, reversibly, and specifically respond to changes in cellular iron status as well as signaling that modifies IRP activity. The reporters were also sufficiently sensitive to distinguish apo- from holotransferrin in the medium, to detect the effect of modifiers of the transferrin pathway such as HFE, and to detect the donation or chelation of iron by siderophores bound to the lipocalin neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (Ngal). In addition, alternative configurations of the IRE motif either enhanced or repressed fluorescence, permitting a ratio analysis of the iron-dependent response. These characteristics make it possible to visualize iron-IRP-IRE interactions in vivo. iron regulatory proteins; iron-responsive element; labile iron pool; transferrin; HFE; neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; siderophore     

IL-10 modulates intestinal damage and epithelial cell apoptosis in T cell-mediated enteropathy

In vivo T cell activation by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) results in intestinal damage characterized by loss of villi and epithelial cell apoptosis. The role of the increased interleukin (IL)-10 released during this process is not clear. We assessed the effects of IL-10 on T cell-induced mucosal damage in vivo using IL-10-deficient C57BL/6 [IL-10 knockout (KO)] mice. IL-10 KO and wild-type C57BL/6 mice were injected with anti-CD3 mAb and observed for diarrhea. Changes in serum cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. Histological changes and epithelial cell apoptosis were analyzed on hematoxylin- and eosin-stained tissue sections. Fas expression on intestinal epithelial cells was assessed by flow cytometry analysis of freshly isolated intestinal epithelial cells. Anti-CD3-treated IL-10 KO mice developed more severe diarrhea, a greater loss of intestinal villi, and an increase in the numbers of apoptotic cells in the crypt epithelium. This difference in IL-10 KO mice was associated with an increase in serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma levels and with an increase in Fas expression on fresh, isolated, small intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, the enhanced intestinal tissue damage induced by anti-CD3 in IL-10 KO mice was significantly diminished by treatment with recombinant murine IL-10. Therefore, the lack of IL-10 allowed for an increased T cell-induced intestinal tissue damage, and this was associated with an increase in T cell cytokine release and an increase in epithelial cell Fas expression.     

FlyGEM, a full transcriptome array platform for the Drosophila community

We have constructed a DNA microarray to monitor expression of predicted genes in Drosophila. By using homotypic hybridizations, we show that the array performs reproducibly, that dye effects are minimal, and that array results agree with systematic northern blotting. The array gene list has been extensively annotated and linked-out to other databases. Incyte and the NIH have made the platform available to the community via academic microarray facilities selected by an NIH committee.     

The Protein Information Resource

The Protein Information Resource (PIR) is an integrated public resource of protein informatics that supports genomic and proteomic research and scientific discovery. PIR maintains the Protein Sequence Database (PSD), an annotated protein database containing over 283 000 sequences covering the entire taxonomic range. Family classification is used for sensitive identification, consistent annotation, and detection of annotation errors. The superfamily curation defines signature domain architecture and categorizes memberships to improve automated classification. To increase the amount of experimental annotation, the PIR has developed a bibliography system for literature searching, mapping, and user submission, and has conducted retrospective attribution of citations for experimental features. PIR also maintains NREF, a non-redundant reference database, and iProClass, an integrated database of protein family, function, and structure information. PIR-NREF provides a timely and comprehensive collection of protein sequences, currently consisting of more than 1 000 000 entries from PIR-PSD, SWISS-PROT, TrEMBL, RefSeq, GenPept, and PDB. The PIR web site (http://pir.georgetown.edu) connects data analysis tools to underlying databases for information retrieval and knowledge discovery, with functionalities for interactive queries, combinations of sequence and text searches, and sorting and visual exploration of search results. The FTP site provides free download for PSD and NREF biweekly releases and auxiliary databases and files.     

Gender-dependent modulation of alpha 1-adrenergic responses in rat mesenteric arteries

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that pathways modulating vasoconstriction in rat mesenteric resistance arteries are gender dependent. Net contractile responses to phenylephrine were significantly increased by endothelium disruption in arteries from males but not females. This gender-dependent effect was stimulus specific, because disruption of endothelium increased reactivity to serotonin comparably in arteries from both genders. Ovariectomy unmasked an increase in net alpha(1)-adrenergic contractile responsiveness after endothelium disruption, suggesting alpha(1)-adrenergic-stimulated production of endothelial vasodilators is suppressed in control females by gonadal sex steroids. Production of modulatory endothelium-derived vasodilators in males is balanced by production of vasoconstricting arachidonic acid metabolites. This was revealed by decreased alpha(1)-adrenergic contractile responses in arteries from males after pretreatment with indomethacin or the cyclooxygenase-1 selective inhibitor SC-560. The indomethacin-induced effect persisted after endothelium disruption, indicating smooth muscle as the source of cyclooxygenase-1-derived vasoconstrictors and was attenuated after orchiectomy. This study indicates gender differences in the expression of two pathways modulating alpha(1)-adrenergic sensitivity in mesenteric arteries: an endothelium-dependent vasodilator pathway and a balancing smooth muscle cyclooxygenase-1-dependent vasoconstrictor pathway. One consequence of these differences is that endothelial damage produces a selective increase in alpha(1)-adrenergic agonist reactivity in arteries from males.     

Dexamethasone induces caspase activation in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells

Glucocorticoids are widely used as anti-inflammatory and chemotherapeutic agents. However, prolonged use of glucocorticoids leads to osteoporosis. This study was designed to examine the mechanism of dexamethasone (DEX)-induced apoptosis in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Total RNA was extracted from MC3T3-E1 cells treated with 10(-7) M DEX for 6 h. DEX exerted a variety of effects on apoptotic gene expression in osteoblasts. Ribonuclease protection assays (RPA) revealed that DEX upregulated mRNA levels of caspases-1, -3, -6, -8, -11, -12, and bcl-XL. Western blot analysis showed enhanced processing of these caspases, with the appearance of their activated enzymes 8 h after DEX treatment. In addition, DEX also induced the activation of caspase-9. DEX elevated the levels of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and lamin A, a caspase-3 and a caspase-6 substrate, respectively. Expression of bcl-XL protein level was upregulated by DEX. Cytochrome c release was detected in the cytosol of DEX-treated cells. Furthermore, caspase-3 enzyme activity was elevated by 2-fold after DEX treatment for 7 h. Finally, early apoptotic cells were detected in cells treated with DEX for 3 h. Our results demonstrate that DEX-induced apoptosis involves gene activation of a number of caspases.     

ESP13.2, a member of the beta-defensin family,is a macaque sperm surface-coating protein involved in the capacitation process

Female macaques produced isoantibodies to a limited number of sperm surface proteins following immunization with sperm components released by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC). Washed, acrosome-intact, fixed sperm injected into rabbits elicited a major immune response to one of the same PI-PLC-released proteins, which was shown to be a sperm surface-coating protein. After purification and digestion of the glycoprotein, four peptides were analyzed for amino acid sequence, and all had 100% homology with an epididymal secretory protein, ESP13.2, reported previously to be a small, cationic-rich peptide and a member of the beta-defensin family. Antibodies to purified ESP13.2 recognized a number of protein bands on Western blots of nonreduced PI-PLC-released sperm components and nonreduced whole-sperm extracts. After chemical disulfide reduction, only a single, broad band from 31 to 35 kDa was recognized by anti-ESP13.2 antibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence showed ESP13.2 over the entire surface of ejaculated macaque sperm. Fluorescence was only slightly reduced after sperm were washed through 80% Percoll. A 24-h incubation in capacitating medium significantly reduced the amount of ESP13.2 over the head and midpiece, whereas exposure of the incubated sperm to dbcAMP and caffeine (capacitation activators) resulted in almost complete loss of ESP13.2 from the sperm surface. After activation, ESP13.2 was the primary component released into the medium as judged electrophoretically. Lignosulfonic acid, a potent inhibitor of macaque fertilization in vitro, completely blocked release of ESP13.2 from the sperm surface, even following treatment with activators. These findings suggest that the beta-defensin, ESP13.2, has a function in the capacitation of macaque spermatozoa and may modulate sperm surface-receptor presentation at the time of fertilization.     

Colitis induced by proteinase-activated receptor-2 agonists is mediated by a neurogenic mechanism

Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) activation induces colonic inflammation by an unknown mechanism. We hypothesized that PAR2 agonists administered intracolonically in mice induce inflammation via a neurogenic mechanism. Pretreatment of mice with neurokinin-1 and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists or with capsaicin showed attenuated PAR2-agonist-induced colitis. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a differential expression of a marker for the type-1 CGRP receptor during the time course of PAR2-agonist-induced colitis, further suggesting a role for CGRP. We conclude that PAR2-agonist-induced intestinal inflammation involves the release of neuropeptides, which by acting on their receptors cause inflammation. These results implicate PAR2 as an important mediator of intestinal neurogenic inflammation.